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THE  LIBRARY 

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OF  CALIFORNIA 

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PHONETIC  SHORTHAND. 


PHONETIC  SHORTHAND  PUBLICATIONS. 


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W.  W.  OSGOODBY,  Publisher, 

ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 


Phonetic  Shorthand 


A     COMPLETE     MANUAL     OF 

PITMAN'S   PHONOGRAPHY 

WITH    ALL    THE    MODERN    IMPROVEMENTS 


BY 

WILLIAM   W.  OSGOODBY 

Official  Stenographer  of  the  New 

York  Supreme  Court  since 

1862 


TENTH    EDITION 


ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 

MCMII 


COPYRIGHT,  1894,  BY  WILLIAM  W.  OSQOODBY. 


E.  R.  ANDREWS  PRINTING  Co., 

ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 


in 


To  ISAAC  PITMAN, 

By  whose  Genius  the  Basis  of  Phonographic  Art  was  laid, 
and  to  the  many  Practitioners  by  whose  Labors  it  has  been 
brought  to  its  present  State  of  Perfection,  all  Stenographers 
of  the  English-speaking  World  owe  a  Debt  of  profound 
Gratitude. 


452281 


ALPHABET. 

CONSONANTS. 

DUPLICATES. 

NAME. 

SOUND. 

NAME. 

SOUND. 

Pe 

\ 

P     in  PIP 

Iss 

o 

S       in  BLISS 

Ses 

0 

Ses    in  BASES 

Be 

B     in  BIB 

1st 

o 

St      in  BLAST 

Te 

T     in  TIGHT 

Ster 

0 

Ster  in  ULSTER 

i 

Ye 

u     n 

Y       in  YOKE 

De 

1 

D     in  DIED 

We 

C       3 

W     in  WALK 

Chay 

l_ 

CH  in  ETCH 

LONG  VOWELS. 

Jay 

J      in  EDGE 

•  i 

Kay 



K     in  KICK 

E 

as  in  BEAT 

Gay 

— 

G     in  GIG 

A 

* 

as  in  BAIT 

Ef 

^ 

F     in  FIFE 

AH 

• 

as  in  BALM 

Ve 

v^ 

V     in  VIVE 

AW 

1 

as  in  BOUGHT 

Ith 

( 

THin  THIN 

0 

- 

as  in  BOAT 

The 

( 

TH  in  THEN 

00 

- 

as  in  BOOT 

Es 

) 

S      in  HISS 

SHORT  VOWELS. 

Ze 

) 

Z     in  HIS 

I 

as  in  BIT 

Ish 

^ 

SH  in  ASSURE 

E 

• 

as  in  BET 

Zhe 

^ 

ZH  in  AZURE 

A 

as  in  BAT 

Lay 

r 

L     in  LEAL 

6 

as  in  BOG 

Ar 

r\ 

R     in  ROAR 

u 

as  in  BUN 

Ray 

/ 

R     in  ROAR 

66 

- 

as  in  FOOT 

Em 
En 

^~^ 

M    in  MAIM 

N     in  NUN 

DIP! 

v 

[THONGS. 

Yay 

r 

Y     in  YEA 

I 

A 

as  in  BITE 

Way 

~> 

W   in  WAY 

OI 

as  in  BOIL 

Hay 

x-v 

H    in  HAY 

ow 

A 

as  in  BOUT 

Ing 

^ 

NG  in  SONG 

EW 

« 

as  in.  BREW 

PHONETIC    SHORTHAND. 


Sec.  i.  Introductory.— a.  In  Phonetic  Shorthand  words 
are  spelled  as  they  are  pronounced,  and  no  silent  letters  are 
used.  In  the  English  alphabet  the  sounds  of  Ch  as  in  chain, 
Th  in  thin,  Sh  in  show,  and  Ng  in  sing,  are  not  provided  with 
distinct  letters,  though  they  are  really  simple  sounds.  The 
same  letter  often  indicates  different  sounds,  in  different  words, 
as  the  letter  G,  in  the  words  gun,  gem ;  the  use  of  two  or  more 
letters  to  indicate  a  sound  for  which  a  single  character  is  pro- 
vided, is  also  very  frequent,  as  'the  sound  of  F  in  the  word  trough, 
triumph ,'  and  a  single,  simple  sound  is  often  indicated  by  let- 
ters to  which  entirely  different  values  are  usually  assigned,  as 
in  the  words  pleasure,  azure,  the  letters  S  and  Z  are  used  to 
indicate  a  sound  which  has  no  precise  representative  in  the 
language.  Similar  inconsistencies  exist  with  respect  to  vowel 
sounds.  In  Phonetic  Shorthand,  however,  each  distinct  vooal 
sound  is  provided  with  a  distinct  letter. 

b.  Careful  attention  to  the  following  mnemonic  arrange- 
ment of  the  consonant  stems,  will  greatly  assist  the  student  in 
learning  their  names  and  sounds : 


0*1 


Hay  lngy 


c.  It  is  only  by  careful  and  persistent  practice,  not  only  in 
writing  but  in  reading  his  shorthand  notes,  that  a  legible  style 
can  be  acquired  by  the  student ;  and  an  illegible  style  is  worth- 
less, even  though  written  at  high  rate  of  speed.  Every  charac- 
ter should  be  made  with  precision,  and  no  attempt  should  be 


INTRODUCTORY. 


made  to  write  rapidly ;  speed  will  come  when  practice  has  given 
the  necessary  facility  for  smooth  and  graceful  writing. 

d.  The  different  principles  should  be  taken  in  order,  and 
each  thoroughly  understood  before  the  next  one  is  taken  up. 
These  principles  do  not  apply  to  single  words  alone — they  apply 
to  classes  of  words  and  phrases  ;  and  if  any  one  of  them  be  mis- 
understood or  misapplied,  the  error  is  far-reaching,  involving 
all  the  words  or  phrases  in  the  language  to  which  the  rule  is 
applicable. 

e.  The  student  should  not  be  satisfied  with  once  reading 
the  engraved  exercises ;  they  should  be  read  and  copied  in 
shorthand  many  times,  until  each  word-form  can  be  recognized 
instantly.     The  same  care  should  be  taken  in  the  use  of  the 
writing  exercises,  which  begin  on  page  73.     The  value  of  one's 
knowledge  in  this  study,  depends  not  only  upon  his  perfect 
familiarity  with  every  principle,  but  upon  his  ability  to  apply 
each  of  those  principles  readily  and  correctly ;  and  this  ability 
can  only  be  attained  by  earnest  and  painstaking  effort. 

f .  The  proper  use  of  punctuation  will  very  much  aid  the 
student    in    reading    his    written    exercises.     The    following 
marks  are  used  in  shorthand  :     x>   Period ;    ff     Semicolon ;    == 
Hyphen;    ~" — ~    Dash;     ..x>..    Interrogation;     /   Exclamation; 

/  Paragraph.  Excepting  these,  the  ordinary  marks  of  punct- 
uation are  used.  The  dot  of  the  comma  should  be  distinctly 
made.  "  SteV  written  in  the  margin  of  the  notes,  indicates 
that  an  '  erasure  has  been  made  by  mistake.  Particular 
emphasis  to  a  word  or  phrase  is  indicated  by  underscoring  it 
with  a  waved  line.  If  more  than  one  outline  is  to  be  under- 
scored, a  light,  straight  line  is  used.  Two  inclined  ticks  are 
placed  under  a  word  to  indicate  that  it  should  be  written  with 
a  capital  in  transcribing  notes  ;  as, 


When     Envy       cannot    deny     Merit,      it    ignores     it. 
A  proper  name,   consisting  of  two  or  more  words  may    be 
underscored  with  a  light,  straight  line  ;  as,    J"    X-^ 


THE  ALPHABET. 

Sec.  2.  The  alphabet  of  Phonetic  Shorthand  contains  forty 
letters,  representing  the  forty  elementary  sounds  of  the  English 
language.  These  letters  are  divided  into  two  general  classes, 
namely,  Consonants  and  Vowels.  The  consonant  sounds  are 
represented  by  straight  and  curved  lines  (called  stems),  and 
the  vowels  by  dots,  dashes,  and  angles.  The  stems  of  a  word 
are  written  together,  each  stem  after  the  first  one  being  joined 
to  the  one  preceding  it,  without  lifting  the  pen ;  and  the  stems 
thus  joined  are  termed  the  outline  of  the  word.  The  vowels  are 
inserted  after  the  outline  is  thus  completed. 

a.  The  names  of  the  letters,  and  the  sounds  indicated  by 
them,  must  be  thoroughly  learned.     Make  the  stems  uniform  in 
length,  and  exact  in  form,  direction,  and  shading.    Write  on 
ruled  paper — paper  ruled  with  double  lines  is  by  far  the  best — 
and  always  write  with  pen  and  ink.     When  stems  are  joined  at 
an  angle,  make  the  angle  distinct.     When  two  straight  stems 
are  joined  without  an  angle,   write  them  with  a  continuous 
straight  line  twice  the  length  of  a  single  stem  ;  and  if  one  stem 
be  light  and  the  other  heavy,  shade  them  carefully  into  each 
other.    (See  illustrations  on  page  5. ) 

b.  In  writing  the  exercises  upon  the  consonants,  the  first 
upright  or  inclined  stem  in  an  outline  should  be  placed  upon  the 
line;  and  if  the  first  stem  be  horizontal,  followed  by  a  stem 
struck  upward  or  doAvnward,  the  former  must  be  placed  in  such 
position  that  the  latter  may  rest  upon  the  line  ;  but  if  all  the 
stems  of  an  outline  be  horizontal,  it  should  be  written  on  the 
line. 

CONSONANTS. 

Sec.  3.  The  consonants  are  divided  into  three  groups, 
viz.  :  1.  Regular  Straight  Stems  ;  2.  Regular  Curved  Stems  ; 
3.  Irregular  Stems.  The  regular  stems  are  arranged  in  pairs, the 
second  one  of  each  pair  being  shaded,  thus  indicating  the  natural 
distinction  between  the  vocal  and  whispered  sounds  represented 
by  them.  The  irregular  stems  are  not  thus  paired. 

NOTE.— The  sound  of  Th  in  them,  is  indicated  by  the  letters  Dh,  in  the 
rules  aud  writing  exercises,  the  name  of  the  stem  being  pronounced  like 
the  word  the.  3 


CONSONANTS. 


a.  Regular  Straight  Steins. — These  are  all  written  down- 
ward, except  Kay  and  Gay,  which  are  written  from  left  to 
right.    Great  care  should  be  taken  to  strike  these  stems  in  the 
exact  directions  shown  in  the  engraving.     (See  lines  1  and  2.) 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

P,  b,  t,  d,  ch,  j,  k,  g ;  p-b  t-d,  ch-j,  k-g,  p-t, 
t-p,  b-t,  t-b,  t-k,  k-t,  t-ch,  eh-t,  k-p,  p-k,  k-b,  b-k, 
k-ch,  ch-k,  ch-g,  g-ch,  k-j,  j-k,  d-t,  b-p,  g-k,  p-p, 
t-t,  k-k,  b-b,  d-d,  g-g,  j-j,  k-d,  d-k,  p-ch,  ch-p,  b-ch, 
ch-b,  b-j,  j-b,  t-b-k,  k-b-t. 

b.  Regular  Curved    Stems.— These  may  all  be  written 
downward,  at  present.  Rules  will  hereafter  be  given  for  writing 
Sh  upward  in  certain  cases.     Shade  the  heavy  curves  carefully, 
to  give  them  a  graceful  appearance.    Light  and  heavy  curves 
are  shaded  into  each  other,   when  joined  without  an  angle. 
(Lines  3-5.) 

WRITING    EXERCISE. 

F,    v,     th,    dh    (the),    s,     z,     sh,     zh ;     f-g,     g-f,  f-p, 

p-f,     s-p,     t-th,     ch-s,     f-th,     sh-f,     v-g,     g-th,     g-dh,  f-b, 
b-f,     s-b,    t-dh,    ch-z,    f-dh,    sh-v,    k-f,     s-k,    f-t,     p-v,    s-t, 

d-dh,     j-s,     f-v,     sh-z,     v-f,     k-sh,     f-ch,     p-th,     sh-p,  t-s, 
p-sh,      f-sh,     s-s,     g-v,     g-sh,      f-j,      b-th,      sh-b,     t-z,     b-sh, 

f-th,    s-z,    k-th,     sh-k,     th-t,    p-dh,    sh-d,    d-s.     ch-sh,  d-z, 
j-sh,    v-sh,    s-v,    f-f,     th-th,    s-s,    sh-sh,     v-v,    dh-dh. 

c.  Irregular  Stems.— L  is  written  upward,  when  stand- 
ing alone,  and  in  most  other  cases.     Rules  will  hereafter  be 
given  for  striking  it  downward  under  some  circumstances.    Ar, 
Way,  and  Yay  are  struck  downward.    M,  N,  Ing,  and  Hay  are 
struck  from  left  to  right.     Ray,  which  is  a  duplicate  for  R,  is 
always  struck  upward,  and  is  more  inclined  than  Chay.    (Lines 
6-14.) 

WRITING  EXERCISE. 

L-p,  p-1,  1-t,  t-1,  1-ch,  ch-1,  1-k,  k-1,  1-b,  b-1,  1-d, 
d-1,  1-j,  j-1,  1-g,  g-1,  1-f,  M,  1-v,  v-1,  1-th,  th-1,  1-s, 
s-1,  1-z,  z-1.  P-m,  m-b,  t-m,  m-d,  ch-m,  m-j,  k-m, 
m-k,  g-m,  m-g,  m-n,  n-m,  m-1,  1-m,  n-1,  1-n,  1-ng. 
(Use  Ar.)  P-r,  r-p,  t-r,  d-r,  ch-r,  r-m,  1-r,  r-1,  r-sh, 
sh-r.  W-k,  w-1,  w-r.  Y-l,  y-k.  ( Use  Ray,  for  Italic 
letters.)  .R-ch,  ch-r,  r-r,  r-p,  ch=p,  r-k,  k-r,  p-r,  p-ch, 
p-r,  r-d,  ch-d,  b-r,  b-ch,  f-r,  f-ch,  f-r,  m-r,  m-ch, 
n-r,  n-ch,  ?'-n  ch-n,  r-sh,  sh-r,  r-z,  z-r,  z-r.  . 


CONSONANTS. 


REGULAR  STRAIGHT  STEMS. 
Pee\     Bee\      Tec        Dee  I      Chay/    Jay/    Kay  Gay 

n   i_  /  \~\ 


\ 


6  r\    \ 

7  y  r 

^~ 

io\\ 
11  U    ^7 

12/f 

13  , 


\ 


REGULAR   CURVED  STEMS. 
Vee^-     Ith  (       Dhe  (       Es  )      Zee   )      Ish  J   Zlic 


) 


IRREGULAR    STEMS. 


r\\rn 


n-rr\r\V 

n   (r  n  v~ 


V 


VOWELS. 

Sec.  4.  There  are  sixteen  vowel  sounds  provided  for  in 
Phonetic  Shorthand,  and  these  are  divided  into  three  classes, 
namely :  1.  Long  Vowels  ;  2.  Short  Vowels  ;  3.  Diphthongs. 
Long  vowels  are  indicated  by  a  heavy  dot  or  dash,  placed  at  the 
beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a  consonant  stem  ;  short  vowels, 
by  a  light  dot  or  dash  similarly  placed  ;  diphthongs,  by  com- 
pound characters,  placed  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  a  stem.  The 
vowel  signs  are  called  first-,  second-,  or  third-place,  accord- 
ing to  the  positions  they  thus  occupy,  If  placed  at  the  left  of 
any  upright  or  inclined  stem,  or  above  a  horizontal  stem,  a 
vowel  sign  is  read  before  the  stem ;  if  placed  at  the  right  of 
an  upright  or  inclined  stem,  or  below  a  horizontal  stem,  it  is 
read  after  the  stem.  When  vowels  are  inserted  in  an  outline, 
it  is  said  to  be  vocalized.  * 

a.  Long  Vowels. — These  are  indicated  by  heavy  dots  or 
dashes,  placed  near  the  stem,  in  the  positions  above  described. 
Dash  vowels  are  struck  at  right  angles  with  the  stem,  but  must 
not  be  allowed  to  touch  it.     The  sound  of  a,  as  in  fair,  dare,  is 
indicated  by  the  second-place  heavy  dot.     (See  lines  1-3.) 

b.  Positions  of  Words.—  Pew  vowels  are  used  by  report- 
ers, but  the  leading  or  accented  vowel  is  indicated  by  the  posi- 
tion in  which  the  outline  is  written. 

1.  When  the  accented  vowel  is  a  first-place  vowel,  the  first 
upright  or  inclined  stem  of  the  outline  is  written  above  the  line. 
(Lines  4-6.) 

2.  When  the  accented  vowel  is  second-place,  such  stem  is 
written  on  the  line.     (Lines  7-9.) 

3.  When  the  accented  vowel  is  third-place,  such  stem  is 
written  through  the  line.    (Lines  10-12.} 

If  the  outline  contain  horizontal  stems  only,  it  is  written 
above  the  line,  on  the  line,  or  below  the  line,  in  like  accordance 
with  the  position  of  its  accented  vowel.  (Lines  13-14. ) 

*  Writing  exercises  under  this  section,  will  be  found  on  page  73,  post. 


VOWELS. 


EE 


LONG  VOWELS. 
AH  AW~ 


6  - 


66 


(-   K    ft 

rs    c  -r  r  r 
t — - — — 

'• — \    \-    v      r  r    i*  !•     P    I*     i~    /•     A    N 

5 

7    \        |-     /      J,      f      (-     \     \    -i       \    ,-(      k      \     (' 

9    L-A    U,    ^      \;      Y     ^     |^   -r\ 

) V-V«--V=; 

, /     ..A.... 

^  V 

/ 

1 3  _.£H-J^.. jZ_.™  _.! :. .C"Z...±"  ...I 

i6  V-^ ^   ^  — ^  ^  A...<n_.  ^ 

17 


8  VOWELS. 

c.  Short  Vowels. — These  are  indicated  by  light  dots  and 
dashes.     The  difference  in  the  sizes  of  the  long  and  short  vowels 
should  be  distinct,  but  without  making  the  former  so  heavy  as 
to  detract  from  the  beauty  of  the  writing.   The  sound  of  e ,  as  in 
mercy,  is  indicated  by  the  second-place  light  dot.     (Lines  1-5. } 

d.  Vowels  between  Consonants. — When  a  vowel  occurs 
between  two  stems,  observe  the  following  rules  : 

1.  First-place  vowels  are  written  after  the  first  stem. 

2.  Second-place  long  vowels  (5,  0)  are  written  after  the 
first  stem. 

3.  Second-place  short  vowels  (8,  u)  are  written  before  the 
second  stem. 

4.  Third-place  vowels  are  written  before  the  second  stem. 
Notice  carefully  the  illustrations  of  each  of  these  rules,  in 

lines  1  to  8.    See,  also,  Diagram  of  Vowels,  p.  71. 

e.  Diphthongs. — These  signs  should  be  accurately  made, 
and  should  never  be  inclined  from  the  perpendicular.     The 
character  for  I,  in  words  containing  more  than  one  stem,  may 
be  written  in  either  the  first  or  third  place,  but  it  is  always 
to  be  considered  as  first-place  when  the  position  of  an  outline 
depends  upon  it.     (Lines  9-12, ) 

f .  A  small  tick,  joined  to  one  of  these  signs,  indicates  that 
another  vowel  sound  follows  the  diphthong.     (Line  13.} 

g.  When  two  vowels  occur  between  two  stems,  one  of  them 
may  be  written  to  each  ;  or  both  vowels  may  be  indicated  by  an 
acute  angle,  inclined  in  the  direction  of  Chay,  written  in  the 
place  of  the  first  of  the  two  vowels.     This  angle  opens  upward 
if  the  first  one  be  a  dot  vowel,  and  downward  if  it  be  a  dash 
vowel.     The   down-stroke  of  the  angle  is  shaded,  if  the  first 
vowel  to  be  indicated  be  long.    (Line  14. } 

h.  When  two  vowels  are  written  to  the  same  stem,  the  one 
pronounced  nearest  the  stem  is  placed  somewhat  nearer  it  than 
the  other.  (Line  15.} 

i.  When  a  word  begins  with  I  or  Oi,  the  diphthong  sign  may 
often  be  joined  to  the  stem.  The  signs  for  I,  Ow.  and  Ew,  may 
sometimes  be  joined  to  a  stem  at  the  end  of  a  word.  (Line  15. } 


VOWELS. 


E  • 


SHORT  VOWELS. 


U    - 


00 


t-__S=^lr^J^-4_lJ 

2  \    Ll:  A  1 " .  x\ 

3  ...rr^.._./. | .^ \- ./< \ /-  -\ X^= 

N     \ 

4-  „<^^I     /....TTj. 

5  B  -^ :  L  •%<-  ^  i 

6       *  v.  ^~~~^  t  '  ^/ 

* '" **~        ~\j~-~^/-   -    J. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

\/  Ai  . 

I  OI  OW  EW 

A  A! 

I  v     \v        I  v          /        I  •'  ^ 

•-! ^ !• ^ ^4 •^;- 

ioJ.:....x;.../i..^....L..2i.'±.,^ 

^i-vj 

:::::?) N 

14  ^  .  ~n     N-r:...  ^  "    L^rd..    \ 

•  '  vi. 

15  ^.      -I.        '•       S'     \  >.  Vs- 


10  RULES  FOR  L,   R,   AND  SH. 

j.  W  and  Y  are  often  conveniently  indicated  by  small  semi- 
circles prefixed  to  a  stem.  The  semi-circle  for  W  may  open 
either  to  the  right  or  left ;  that  for  Y,  either  upward  or  down- 
ward. They  should  be  written  in  such  direction  as  to  make  a 
distinct  angle  with  the  stem,  and  vowels  may  be  placed  to  the 
stem  in  the  same  manner  as  if  the  semi-circle  were  not  used. 
( Lines  1,2.} 

RULES  FOR  WRITING   L,  R,    AND  SH. 

Sec.  5.  When  the  stems  representing  L,  R,  and  Sh,  are 
written  upward,  they  are  named  Lay,  Ray  and  Shay,  respect- 
ively ;  when  written  downward,  they  are  named  El,  Ar,  and 
Ish.  The  following  rules  are  to  be  observed,  in  forming  out- 
lines containing  these  stems  : 

a.  When  L  is  the  only  consonant  stem  in  a  word,  Lay  is 
used.    (Lines.} 

b.  When  L  is  the  first  consonant  in  an  outline  containing 
other  stems,  El  is  used  if  preceded  by  a  vowel ;  and  Lay,   if 
not.     (Line  4-) 

c.  When  L  is  the  last  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in 
an  outline  containing  other  stems,  Lay  is  used  if  followed  by  a 
vowel ;  and  El,  if  not.     (Line  5.) 

d.  When  R  is  the  first  or  only  stem  in  a  word,  Ar  is 
used  if  a  vowel  precede  it ;  and  Ray,  if  not.     (Line  6. } 

e.  When  R  is  the  last  consonant  represented  by  a  stem,  in 
an  outline  containing  other  stems,  Ray  is  used  if  followed  by  a 
vowel ;  and  Ar,  if  not.     (Line  7. } 

f .  When  Sh  begins  an  outline,  or  when  it  is  the  only  con- 
sonant stem  in  a  word,  Ish  is  used.     (Line  8.} 

g.  When  Sh  is  the  last  consonant,  in  an  outline  contain- 
ing other  stems,  Shay  is  used  if  followed  by  a  vowel ;  and  Ish, 
if  not.     (Line  9. ) 

Make  the  following  exceptions  to  the  foregoing  rules : 
h.    Lay  is  used  before  P,  B,  T,  D,  F,  V,  Th,  Dh,  Sh,  Zh, 
Lay,  Y,  and  Ray  ;  and  after  S,  Z,  Sh,  Zh,  Lay,  R,  M,  W,  and 
Y.     El  is  usually  employed  after  N  and  Ng.     (Lines  10, 11. } 

i.  Ray  is  used  before  T,  D,  Ch,  J,  Th,  Dh,  F,  and  V ;  and 
after  Th,  Dh,  M,  and  H.  Ar  is  used  before  M  and  H.  (Line  12,} 


RULES   FOR  L,  R,  AND  SH. 


11 


1 

2 
3  §5 


14 


- 


16  Y    ^     T  -\     >'    ^    ^ 

•M  -> ^-  > 

18  -i.f  r^J«i  v 


THE    ASPIRATE. 

Sec.  6.  The  stem  x-v  is  seldom  used,  but  the  sound  of  H  is 
usually  indicated  in  one  of  the  following  ways :  1.  By  a 
small  dot  opposite  a  vowel  sign  ;  2.  By  a  light  tick  '..  struck 
in  the  direction  of  Chay,  whenever  it  will  make  an  acute 
angle  with  the  succeeding  stem ;  3.  By  writing  a  dash  vowel 
parallel  with  the  stem.  (Lines  1-3. ) 

a.  For  the  sound  of  Wh  (pronounced  hw),  the  tick 
may  be  shaded,  or  it  may  be  prefixed  to  the  stem  or  semi- 
circle W.  (Line  4-) 

WORD-SIGNS   AND  CONTRACTIONS. 

Sec.  7.  Abbreviated  forms,  called  word-signs  and  contrac- 
tions, are  used  for  words  of  very  frequent  occurrence.  A  word-sign 
may  be  either  a  vowel  sign,  a  circle,  or  a  loop,  or  a  simple 
stem.  A  contraction  is  formed  of  more  than  one  stem,  or  of 
a  single  stem  having  some  attachment  (as  a  circle,  or  hook), 
the  whole  sign  indicating  some  prominent  portion  of  the  word 
represented  by  it.  These  abbreviated  forms  are  written  in 
various  positions,  generally  dependent  upon  the  position  of  the 
accented  vowel  of  the  word.  In  some  instances,  two  or  more 
words  are  represented  by  the  same  sign,  but  when  written  in 
a  sentence  the  context  will  invariably  determine  which  word 
is  intended.  (Lines 5-12.) 

ijgT  Write  Exercises  I.,  II.,  and  III.,  of  the  Speed-Book. 

a.  Phrasing. — Two  or  more  word-signs,  if  closely  related 
in  sense,  may  be  joined  in  a  phrase-sign.     The  first  stem  of  the 
phrase  is  generally  written  in  its  usual  position,  the  others 
following  it  without  lifting  the  pen.     (Line  1%. ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  12.—  Before-that.  It-was.  Shall-come.  They-do. 
Do-they.  Which-can.  Or- that.  Which- was.  Can-do.  That-was.  Was-that. 
It-was-no. 

b.  Small  ticks,  one-fourth  the  length  of  a  stem,  are  used 
for  certain  words,  and  they  are  named,  from  the  stems  they 
resemble,  the  P-tick,  T-tick,  Chay-tick,  Bay-  tick,  etc. 

J. — Use  the  P-  or  Ray-tick  for  I,  before  any  stem  except  Ar 
and  Way;  and  before  those  stems  use  the  T-tick  only.  In  the 


THE  ASPIRATE—  WORD-SIGNS.                                  13 

1  §6     \            7     '/      L 

"(               ^~    ^~ 

2"-^--    ^     *     ~\    -'-- 

r         •      ^      ^ 

\  \    ^  ••/  £i 

/ 

0 

4    \    cr'X        '  •"      ^          Y        v<>' 

s   ~        %  V"  ^^ 

WORD-SIGNS. 

The  .!___  A  .  An.And  .    All.l..Too,Two  N  Wlio  /   LHigli  *_  On  '...  He/.. 

Put\.     Before  \     What,Ought    . 

At,Tt,Take           Out,To,Took  ._  I 

i\        , 

Did  1     Do  |     Had  1     Watch.Each  L 

..Which,  Change  /  Come,  Came  

J  ,                                       i 
Can           Give-n    _      If  ^-    ForV^_    Of,Live          Have    I      With  v 

They  (        That  (  Was  )      As,Has    ^  She,  Wish  .^....,  Shall   J 

Should  _..)_  Will,  Well  C  Hear,Here,From  1_   Were^i    Our,Hour  _.TN.. 

Or  "-^"     Their,  There  ---*     In.Any 

_....  You-ry:  We,Why__.J.... 

Away.  Would  _>^....  Him  .' 

When  ^-v  How 

5  /      }       ^ 

)  .A    \    v 

\ 

6    •    .I^y_j.         f~-.fr.                 ^~ 

"^       *       /        \ 

r             i 

,1                ^      ^        ^ 

jo      •     K 

7...!  /<-....                                x-^, 

*  .  _jx                  _L__i 

f 

1                                 ~  7" 

8     .    f  r 

»           1          X\ 

i       1             r- 

...J-               

9    l_  ^      ">             /f 

,       1      .     /-^         ^-  _yx 

^            r    _ 

/                           \             v 

f              \                 ' 

1                          I                                 'J 

11  ^     '     ^    v       |      C      ^ 

f         V 

12  >    \  ^    \    (    ^ 

-^-     (    _  j  |."  ':     , 

1 

14  PHRASING — SMALL.  CIRCLE  FOR  S  AND  Z. 

middle,  or  at  the  end  of  a  phrase-sign,  /  is  always  indicated  by 
the  T-tick.  ( See  lines  1-3. ) 

HE. — Use  the  Chay-tick  only,  for  He,  at  the  beginning  of  a 
phrase.  In  other  places,  use  any  inclined  tick  that  will  make  a 
sharp  angle  with  the  stem.  (See  lines  4,  5.) 

THE. — Use  the  Chay-  or  Ray-tick  for  The,  before  or  after 
another  word  ;  except  that  the  P-tick  may  be  used  after  a  stem 
wherever  it  will  make  a  better  angle.  (See  lines  6-9.) 

A,  AN,  AND. — Use  the  Kay-tick  for  these  words, wherever 
it  will  make  a  distinct  angle.  In  other  cases,  use  the  T-tick. 
(See  lines  10, 11.) 

AVrite  and  a,  and  an  ^  ,  and  tlie,  and  lie  -?. ,  on  a  ^  t  on  tlie    ^  . 

ij^See  further  explanations  of  the  ticks,  page  77,  post. 

c.  Where  two  different  ticks  are  provided  for  either  of  the 
above  words,  that  one  should  be  used  which  will  make  the  most 
distinct  angle  with  the  word-sign  to  which  it  is  attached,  and  a 
tick  cannot  be  used  where  it  will  not  make  a  distinct  angle. 

SMALL    CIRCLE   FOR    S    AND    Z. 

Sec,  8.  S  is  most  frequently  represented  by  a  small 
circle,  initial  or  final,  named  Iss,  written  on  the  right  side 
of  an  upright  or  inclined  straight  stem  (except  Ray),  on  the 
upper  side  of  Ray,  Kay,  and  Gay ;  and  on  the  inner  side  of 
curved  stems.  The  sound  of  Z  may  also  be  represented  by  the 
small  final  circle.  Z  is  never  indicated  by  an  initial  circle. 

a.  Between  two  straight  stems  forming  an  angle,  a  circle  is 
written  outside  the  angle.     Between  two  curved  stems,  the  circle  is 
written  within  the  first  curve,  except  in  a  few  combinations  such  as 
are  shown  in  line  13,  on  the  opposite  page,  in  which  it  is  necessary 
to  place  it  within  the  second  curve.     Between  a  tick  and  a  stem, 
the   circle  is  written  precisely  as  if  it  were  between  two  stems. 
(Lines  12,  13.) 

b.  An  initial  circle  is  always    read    before    the   stem,   and 
before  all  vowels  written  to  the  stem.      A  final  circle  is  always 
read    after  the  stem,  acid  after  all  vowels  written  to  the  stem. 
(Lines  14-17.) 

igf"  Write  Exercise  IV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


PHRASING —SMALL,   CIRCLE  FOR  S  AND  Z. 


15 


1  I. 

2 

3 
4 


> vl->' 


S     I     i      L 


8  ^      ^ 

-i- -    x  — 

9  V    -^ L_f >    )... 

10   A. An, And.    A      ~]    .....]_...  ._.-\....L     ( 

n  i  ...L  i 


5 x ... 


v> 


13  r\ 

14...5Z. 

s 

15  _J?... 


sir  v,  _  f 


\ 


17 


"t-    t. 


16  SMALL    CIRCLE    FOR  S  AND  Z. 

c.  When  a  vowel  precedes  S  or  Z,  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word,  and  when  a  word  ends  with  S  or  Z  followed  by  a  vowel, 
the  stem  must  be  used.     The  stem  must  also  be  used  when  S  or 
Z  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word,  and  when  two  vowels  occur 
between  S  or  Z  and  a  preceding  or  succeeding  stem.     (Lines  1-3.) 

d.  When  a  singular  noun  ends  with  a  stem  S  or  Z,  the 
circle  is  added  to  form  the  plural  number  or  the  possessive 
case  ;  also,  to  form  the  third  person,  singular,  of  a  regular  verb 
ending  with  either  of  these  stems.  (Compare  Sec.  9,  a.)  The  cir- 
cle may  also  be  added  to  a  word  sign,  for  the  same  purpose. 
(Line  4.) 

e.  If  a    circle    occurs    between    two    stems,    vowels    are 
necessarily  written  to  the  stem    with  which   they  are  pro- 
nounced.    (Lines  5,  6.) 

f .  When  Z  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  word,  the  stem  must 
be  used.    (Line?.) 

g.  A  small  hook  may  be  made  on  the  back  of  a  stem 
ending  with  a  circle,  to  indicate  the  sound  of  N  following  that 
of  S ;  and  another  circle  may  be  written  within  the  hook  for  a 
finals.     (Lines  8,  9.} 

h.  The  circle  is  sometimes  used  for  Sh,  and  with  the  back- 
hook  forms  the  termination  Tion,  as  is  more  fully  explained  in 
section  22. 

i.  If  R  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word,  and  it  is  preceded  and 
followed  by  vowels,  and  also  preceded  by  a  circle  or  loop,  Ray 
is  used.  Ray  is  also  used  when  R  is  preceded  by  a  circle  or  loop 
and  followed  by  a  downward  stem.  (See  Sec.  10.)  (Line  10.) 

j.  Phrasing.— Is,  His,  As,  Has,  Us,  or  Say,  is  added  to 
another  word  by  the  small  circle.  (Line  11.) 

k.  Is,  His,  As,  or  Has,  is  prefixed  to  another  word  by 
the  small  circle.  When  thus  used,  Is  and  His  are  always 
written  above  the  line,  and  As  and  Has  on  the  line.  (Line  12.} 

KEY  TO  LINES  11  AND  12. — All-is.  Who-is.  He-is.  He-has.  Before-his. 
"What-is.  Had-his.  Which-has.  For-us.  Above-us.  With-us.  From-his. 
There-is. 

Is-he.  Has-be.  As-if.  As-thougb.  As-was.  As-shall.  As-will.  As- 
you.  As- we.  Is-so.  Is-without.  His-own. 


SMALL  CIRCLE   FOR    S    AND  Z. 


17 


2    _         -      \  X 

...- 
7^ 

.....  -$-  V---  .....  -w4-'>- 

6  .-I.  .......    ......  4- 

.....  .5< 

8  __._.  \>    A-  4- 

Q^V          \,        L-       ^g 
1 

10  ^-  ..^_..._^...._:%_       ....... 

WORD-SIGNS. 
His,  Is  °  .......  Upon,  Property  \  ____  Up,  Hope  \        Be,  By,  Buy  >_ 

Talk,  Between..L._Charge,Much  ./—  After  ..L...  Above  ^.....Ever,  Heavy  V 
Thought  .(„_.  They,  Though  (  House  ^  .....  "While  ^....Where,  Her  "^ 
3Ie,  3Iy,  Time—  .......  May  —^  Am.  __  Know,Xo  ^_^  Witbout  .J_.. 

"Wliether^N     Among  ^, 

11  JL,  «  -I....  6    v  JL__  i    L  -_.A..1  xf 


13 


/* 

/o   ------  D  ______  >D_  _______  a  ________  q  ......  _6  ______  xo  .......  o 

•      )     .^:  .....  L^rT.  .....  k._l.     -f 

-^-^-.  -4-^  -v-^  .• 


LARGE   CIRCLE   FOR    SES   AND   SEZ. 

Sec.  9.  A  large  circle,  called  Ses,  indicates  that  syllable 
or  any  similar  one.  It  is  written  on  the  same  side  of  a  stem  as 
the  Iss-circle.  It  may  be  vocalized  by  writing  a  vowel  sign 
within  it,  and,  if  desired,  the  exact  vowel  may  be  indicated 
by  placing  the  sign  in  the  upper,  middle,  or  lower  part  of  the 
circle.  (Line  1.) 

a.  The  plural  number,  or  the  possessive  case  of  a  noun 
ending    with    Iss,     is    indicated    by    enlarging     the    circle. 
The  third  person,   singular,  of  a   regular  verb    ending  with 
Iss,  is  indicated  in    the    same    manner.     (Compare  Sec.  8,  d.) 
(Line  2.} 

b.  A   small  circle   may  be  written  within  a  final  large 
circle,  for  the  additional  sound  of  S.     (Line  3.) 

c.  Phrasing. — 7s  his,  As  has,  and  similar  phrases,  are  pre- 
fixed or  added  to  a  word-sign  by  the  large  circle,  Is  his  being 
written  above  the  line,  and   As  has  on   the  line,  when  used 
initially.     Is  or  .As  is  prefixed  to  an  initial  Iss-circle,  or  added 
to  a  final  one,  by  enlarging  the  circle.     (Line  4. ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  4.  It-is-his.  What-is-his.  Which-is-his.  Before-his-is. 
If-his-is.  For-as-is.  It-is-as-large.  Is-said.  Is-supposed.  Is-such.  As-such. 

Hg°  Write  Exercise  V.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

LOOPS   FOR    ST    AND   STR. 

Sec.  10.  Iss  is  changed  into  a  short  loop,  to  indicate  the 
sound  of  St ;  and  by  widening  and  lengthening  the  loop,  Str  is 
indicated.  The  Str-loop  is  not  used  initially. 

a.  The  St-loop  is  less  than  half  the  length  of  a  stem ;  the 
Str-loop  extends  to  the  middle  of  a  stem.    (Lines  5-10.} 

b.  A  final  circle  is  added  to  either  loop  for  S.     A  hook 
on  the  back  of  a  stem,  after  a  loop,  indicates  N  or  Ng,  and 
a  final  Iss-circle  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook.     (Lines 
11,  12.} 

c.  An  initial  loop  is  read  before  the  stem,  and  before  any 
vowel  written  to  the  stem.     A  final  loop  is  read  after  the  stem, 
and  after  all  vowels  written  to  the  stem. 

18 


SES  AND  SEZ— LOOPS  FOR  ST  AND   STR. 


19 


3  __lC. 


c 


5§10...X 

6 'L.    J 


~f 


} 


7  _VA.  v  v    I- L.  \f    i-  l-   /•   /  /-...-<' 

8.JL   ^  ....^r..  k  .5.....^.....^ :L  -<)•  ...'^     *    ^ 

-.  ^-^  ^T>  ^.  .1.  0  'P. 

9     ^ 

10  ^ 

11  ^ 

•J2      f^        ^        v  ^    ^    •?' 

""—  ^ 

WORD-SIGNS. 
First  #    Is  there  .ff....As  there.      ...Part-y...\.-  About  ..V....  Object-eel.^/ 

Large, Advantage.  /..Common,  "\Veek..T7...Company Ago,  Together. 

Form.Sr... Against Worth, Oath,  Mouth     (      Whole...^--     Usual-ly  J 

Recollected   S*   Long,Think,Thing -You  are... f~. 

13  i  ^        i     ^  ^        JL--.*\  r  ^ 


15. 


/°- r- 


20  COMBINATIONS  OF   CONSONANTS— THE   R-HOOK. 

d.  A  final  circle  or  loop  may  be  shaded,  to  distinguish.  Z 
from  S.     (Line  1.) 

e.  Phrasing. — The  small  loop  adds  to  a  word-sign  the 
words  Is  it,  Is  the,  As  it,  As  tlie,   Has  it,  Has  the,  or   First. 
The  verb  State  may  also  be  prefixed  or  added  to  a  word-sign 
by  this  loop.     When  a  word  ends  with  the  Iss-circle,  the  word 
It  or  The  may  be  added,  by  changing  the  circle  to  a  loop.     In 
the  same  manner,  the  word  Their  or  There  may  be  indicated  by 
the  use  of  the  large  loop.     (Line  2. } 

KEY  TO  LINE  2. — What-is-it.  What-is-there.  It-is-the.  It-is-there. 
Does-it.  Does-their.  Which-is-the.  \Vhich-is-their.  At-flrst.  State-what. 
State-whether.  State-where.  You-state. 

l^°  W rite  Exercises  VI.  and  VII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

COMBINATIONS    OF    CONSONANTS. 

Sec.  1 1 .  Certain  combinations  of  consonants  are  of  frequent 
occurrence,  and  they  are  represented  by  attaching  a  hook  to  the 
stem  indicating  the  first  sound  in  such  combinations.  With 
respect  to  these  hooks,  the  following  rules  must  be  carefully 
observed  : 

a.  Initial  hooks  are  read  AFTER  the  stem  to  which  they 
are  attached,  and  AFTER  all  vowels  written  before  the  stem ; 
but  BEFORE  any  vowels  written  after  the  stem,  and  BEFORE 
any  final  hook,  circle,  or  loop. 

b.  Final  hooks  are  read  AFTER  the  stem  to  which  they 
are  attached,   and    AFTER   all    vowels    or  initial  hooks,    but 
BEFORE  a  final  circle. 

INITIAL    HOOK    FOR    R. 

Sec.  12.  A  small  initial  hook,  on  the  LEFT  side  of  any 
upright  or  inclined  straight  stem  except  Ray  ;  on  the  LOWER 
side  of  Ray,  Kay,  and  Gay  ;  or  on  the  inner  side  of  a  curved 
stem  ;  indicates  that  the  sound  of  R  occurs  immediately  after 
the  stem. 

a.  The  consonants  thus  combined  are  named  Per,  Ber, 
etc.,  and  vowels  may  be  written  before  or  after  them  in  the 
same  manner  as  to  simple  stems.  (Lines  3-11.) 


INITIAL    HOOK  FOR  R. 

21 

X°          ^-o 
1   .^  >... 

^        *•        ^        S         ^         ^       S 

^ 

2      [        b       [ 

b     t     b    /    6    \    p    ^  '  ^  - 

3  §  12.-V- 

j 

4...r...^  . 

v-  <_   _        e   ^  e  c 

C- 

*-  1                   "i 

R      F          0        ** 
\j  —  i  -j  — 

\      "1      o             ~*l       i       *i       *       4 

\    L."1  i  L  -I    -1    /    /    ^- 

Al 

«f- 

e  ...n.  <j- 

P       T      T       *f        9        A"     .^              ex     «<r-N 

^  ..>.  >.  .>..  y    -^      C    >....  n   .  

^ 

{/ 

// 

7__J      \    . 

>....v_...|:  ^  i^  =±i>v 

S, 

\            N.. 

K            IT     L"          /                      ^   * 

- 

8      7    X— 

^£  

—  / 
9       (       J. 

i_Ji       /^\     /^\       x-1       ~^      X—         ^^?       k 

s^ 

I  && 

_/c_j.__^.  :7/.  Yy 

<j 

11       \     \.... 

^  ^  i  ^  r^~^  p- 

/ 

12      ^     ^ 

\v     %.     °  —    fcr    tr    °-     ' 

^? 

A                                     \i>~~                                               ft          '                  '      "//'" 

i                   //                    i 

\ 

R-HOOK    CONTRACTIONS. 

Appear,  Proper 

<\                                  f\ 

...........      Upper    \       Practice  ...  ?V.  .     Re-member 

\ 

Brother,  Number...!!^....  Truth    1      True  ..  0  ..._  Dear..  '         Doctor 

1 

Durijig,  Dark  ... 

1—  ..  Adjoura-ed    /    Jury,  Larger  ...1  Decree. 

EZ 

Care,  Occur     <^ 

—      Cure,  Car  _  Degree,  Asrree  .  T.  Over 

^ 

Every,  Very    Q. 

Railroad    c        Lawyer....^.  Mere,  Remark 

r> 

Xear,  Nor  

Manner  <^,    Longer              "Work  ^      Younger 

r 

Measure   J)         Pleasure  o  

c\ 

13      ~  !" 

1     r-\-^-\-~l-~^^  L-^ 

\ 

—  » 

22  THE  R-HOOK— THE  L-HOOK. 

b.  When  R  is  the  last  of  two  or  more  consonants  in  an 
outline,  and  is  immediately  preceded  and  followed  by  vowels, 
the  stem  must  be  used  ;  also,  when  R  is  the  last  sound  in  a  word 
and  two  vowels  occur  between  it  and  a  preceding  stem ;  and 
generally  when  a  long  vowel  precedes  the  sound  ofR.  (Lines  1-8.) 

c.  Words  ending  with  -rer,  may  be  distinguished  from  those 
ending  with  -Her,  by  writing  the  former  with  Ar  and  the  latter 
with  Ray.    (Line  4- ) 

d.  Phrasing. — The  R-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
Or,   Were,  or  Her.    (Line  5.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  5. — Two-or-three.  When-or-where.  What-were-they. 
They-were.  You-were.  We-were.  Where-were.  Which-were.  There- 
were.  For-her.  With-her.  When-her. 

W  Write  Exercise  VIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
INITIAL    HOOK    FOR    L. 

Sec.  13.  A  small  initial  hook,  on  the  RIGHT  side  of  any 
upright  or  inclined  straight  stem  except  Ray  ;  or  on  the 
UPPER  side  of  Ray,  Kay,  or  Gay  ;  indicates  that  the  sound  of  L 
occurs  immediately  after  the  stem.  (Line  6. ) 

a.  A  short,  broad  initial  hook,  on  the  inner  side  of  curved 
stems,  adds  the  sound  of  L  in  like  manner.     (Line  7.) 

b.  The  consonants  thus  combined  are  named  Pel,  Bel,  etc., 
and  vowels  are  written  before  and  after  them  in  the  same 
manner  as  to  simple  stems.     (Lines  6-9.) 

c.  When  L  is  the  last  of  two  or  more  consonants  in  an 
outline,  and  is  immediately  preceded  and  followed  by  vowels, 
the  stem  must  be  used ;  also,  when  L  is  the  last  sound  in  a 
word  and  two  vowels  occur  between  it  and  a  preceding  stem ; 
and  generally  when  a  long  vowel  precedes   the  sound  of  L. 
(Lines  10-12.) 

d.  Words  ending  with  -rl  may  be  distinguished  from  those 
ending  with  -ril,  -rel,  -rol,  etc.,  by  writing  the  former  with  Ar 
and  the  latter  with  Ray.     (Line  13. ) 

e.  Phrasing. — The  L-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
All,  Witt,  or  Well.     (Line  14.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  14.— Upon-all.  About-all.  At-all.  For-all.  Of-AU. 
With-all.  In-all.  It-will.  They-will.  So-will.  She-will.  We-will. 
As-well. 

^°  Write  Exercise  IX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


THE  R-HOOK— THE  L-HOOK. 


23 


1 

2 

3...^ 
4     \ 

5 -~-| ^    'I-     C    -(*---      ^       7       ^      ^    -1- 

6  §ia._v~  V   A  ...tZ..  <^     v    ...c_. ...^ ..A  .4.. 

i 

>        ^  --  0  v 

^ 

'""  \^~  v 

" '   ^  '  Y~ 

11     X 

13 

')  ^  •\/f 

L-HOOK    CONTRACTIONS. 

Comply  .S.....Compel,People   ^\    Apply..o...  Belonged  .>....  Belief-ve-d    \ 
Tall   .L...    Tell,  Till    P       Deliver-ed-y      \       Children    /     Angel     / 
Largely./).....  Call,  Equal .±7... Claim-eel  o_   Clerk........  Fill.Sr...  Fell  ^ 

Full-y    p Value.. O Rely,  Real-ly   J^.....Ra.il,Ron  </  Rule  ...^/. 

Declare-il  J Disclaim-ed     4 

r         C       c  n      c\        7       c\ 


HOOKS  COMBINED  WITH  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS. 

Sec.  14.  Iss  is  combined  with  the  R-hook,  by  changing 
the  hook  to  a  circle,  on  straight  stems,  and  by  writing  the 
circle  within  the  hook  on  curves.  If  the  R-hook  on  a  straight 
stem  be  changed  to  a  loop,  the  sound  of  St  is  indicated  as 
occurring  before  the  stem  and  hook.  (Lines  1-8.) 

a.  Iss  is  combined  with  the  L-hook,  on  both  straight  and 
curved  stems,  by  writing  the  circle  within  the  hook.      (Line  4.) 

b.  When  combined  with  either  the  R-hook  or  the  L-hook, 
the  circle  is  read  first ;  a  vowel  before  the  stem,  next ;  the  stem 
next ;  the  hook  next ;  and  a  vowel  after  the  stem  next. 

c.  Ses  is  never  written  within  a  hook  or  another  circle. 

d.  When  combinations  of  circles  and  hooks  occur  in  the 
middle  of  a  word,  they  are  made  as  indicated  in  lines  5  to  7. 

igg"  Write  Exercise  X.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

VOCALIZATION  OF  INITIAL  HOOKS. 

Sec.  15.  When  vowels  occur  between  stems  and  their 
initial  hooks,  they  are  indicated  as  follows  :  Dot  vowels  are 
represented  by  small  circles,  written  in  the  position  of  the 
vowel,  before  the  stem  to  indicate  a  long  vowel,  and  after 
the  stem  to  indicate  a  short  vowel ;  and  dash  vowels  and 
diphthongs  are  struck  through  or  across  the  end  of  the  hooked 
stem,  in  their  proper  positions.  (Lines  8-10. ) 

<gi°  Write  Exercises  XL  and  XII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

FINAL  HOOK  FOR   N. 

Sec.  16.  A  small  final  hook,  on  the  R-hook  side  of  straight 
stems,  and  on  the  inner  side  of  curves,  indicates  an  added  N. 

a.  The  N-hook  is  always  read  after  the  stem  to  which  it  is 
attached,  and  after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook  written  to  the 
stem,  but  before  a  final  circle.     When  N  is  the  last  consonant 
sound  of  a  word  and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used, 
and  not  the  hook.     (Lines  11-14-) 

b.  If  two  vowels  occur  between  N  and  a  preceding  stem, 
the  N-stem  must  be  used,    excepting  such  words  as  criterion, 

in  which  the  hook  is  used.     (Line  15.) 

24 


VOCALIZATION    OF   HOOKS — THE    N-HOOK. 

,  §M_i \  r.  i-  ..^ v  *  -i  -i  -;1 n 

2-4 ,;...  >  ±L^'^vJ--t-i/±^_ 

4      I        p      _/» .^17.— ..^7- .:: .—   $      -----    "       ej- 

5 
6 

7 

^  ^      ^LL 

RIK  x       ^        v  r° 

oOl'Srv  'X  'r1\  9 

\cv    s~~          *\  1  0  -9  c-J  y 

V^ipy?      .C^-+^-^^ 

'°7     ^     Co  01     01 

WORD-SIGNS. 

Ah.......  Awe,  Already _  Oh, Owe    i     How  --,-..  Occupy  .>.....  But....|... 

Dollar, Differ-ed-ent-euce  JL__  Defendant  I  Adjoin-ed  ../..Agent,  Age  / 
Judge-d../.— Commit-ted-tee..7HI_.  Accompany-ied,  County  .___..  Gave  ^_ 
If,Wife  ...S^...  Forget  V_  Thank,  Youth  -(.-..  Worthy  (  Whose.....).. 

11  §16  ^    ^ V  ..V...V    J-   J3-    3-    KJL/J" 

12   J'  _______ ..^.....rZ.    ^r^>  -        -  ^    -~ ~™~  ^     -^  -.S? 

14 
15 


26  FINAL,  HOOK   FOR  N. 

c.  The  N-hook  on  a  straight  stem,  when  changed  to  a 
small  circle,  indicates  Ns  or  Nz.     If  a  back  hook  be  added,  it 
indicates  Nsn,  and  a  circle  may  be  written  within  the  back- 
hook  for  a  final  S.     (Lines  1-3. } 

d.  The  N-hook,  on  a  straight  stem,  when  changed  to  a  loop, 
indicates  Nst.     If  the  loop  be  lengthened  and  widened,  it  indi- 
cates Nstr.     A  circle  may  be  added  to  either  loop,  for  a  final 
S.     (Line  4.) 

e.  The  N-hook,  on  a  straight  stem,  changed  to  a  large 
circle,  indicates  N-ses  or  N-sez.     (Line  5.} 

f.  S  is  added  to  the  N-hook  on  curves,  by  writing  the 
circle  within  the  hook.     (Lines  6,  7.) 

g.  Phrasing. — The  N-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
An,  And,  Not,  Own,  or  Tlian.     (Line 8.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  8.— About-an-hour.  Half-an-hour.  By-and-by.  Off-and- 
on.  You-and-I.  Did-not-know.  Cannot-be.  Have-not-known.  Our- 
own.  Their-own.  More-than. 

N-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 
Puuish-ed-mentA.-  Combine  .~ Bank  ..^_... .Taken   J        At  once     J 

But  once_J__.-Denominate-d-^— Religion. /._._General-lyi/Imagine-ary_  / 

/  /  -3  x — 

Generalize  c/    Generalized    </     Contiuue-d Continual-ly  .....T2.... 

Continuous  .77?— .Continuously Conuect-ed  — -.Constitute-d 

Constitution  ™L  Constable  — ^,  Begin,  Organ  ~~^.  Begun,  Again  — 5 

Began Beginner     ^    Organize  TT^L.Organized  .~^..  Organic""^". 

Forgotten^  Financial-ly  lv>_^  Divine-ity.S^-.'WJtliin  C...  Reference  ^ 

Men.-..— ,_MaB^->,  Human  Opinion,  Any  one  _^?__...  No  one   v^> 

None  ^_y  Lengthen  ^y  Unifonn-ity  s; 

S- 

NOTE.— The  N-Hook    may  be  used   before  K,  in  many   words, 
instead  of   the  Ng-stem,    as  shown    in  the  following  illustrations: 

\       v      9^  "v      r 

.fTTT..     i_        il_     _J\  V  \  Arr       VTT       C 

V-'  JJ !•'  Ill  <^~=5 

^  Write  Exercise  XIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


FINAL   HOOK  FOR   N. 


27 


J 


*~3T 

</A 


-   J-    3-JLJ 


jr 

^ 


3     V     < 


v--\:  ......  v 

\ 

-^" 


\    ^     ^ 


9    These  ......  This  C    Those  .../...  Also  /9    Into      |   Ask^ Book\ — 

10  -/y-~  U <^  r>       l>    ^-1^^D// 

"^ 

ni.v  vjLk.i .: 

<  o        I                                          I    •     *         I  xa 
I  >3        I      .../^- v s '.._ /?_ 

f  A'V 

14     I  _J J    -J -X-   J    » 


17 


/  ..:\...  (  1.  _) 

J  \ 

/° 


Lx 
) ... 


FINAL  HOOK  FOR  F  AND  V. 

Sec.  17.  A  small  final  hook,  on  the  L-hook  side  of  a 
straight  stem,  or  a  lengthened  final  hook  on  the  inner  side  of  a 
curved  stem,  indicates  an  added  P  or  V.  (Lines  1-4.) 

a.  S  or  Z  is  added  to  the  P-hook  by  writing  the  circle 
within  the  hook.     (Line  5.) 

b.  The  P-hook  is  always  read  after  the  stem  to  which  it  is 
attached,  and  after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook,  but  before  a  final 
circle.     When  F  or  V  is  the  last  consonant  sound  of  a  word, 
and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  the  stem  must  be  used. 

c.  Phrasing. — The  P-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
Have,  Of,  Ever,  or  Live.     (Line  6.) 

d.  A  small  hook  within  the  P-hook  on  curves,  indicates 
N  or  Ng,  and  also  adds  the  word  Been,  in  phrasing.     (Line  6.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  6.— It-will-have-been.  Oujrht-to-have-known.  To-have- 
known.  To-have-been.  There-have.  They- have.  You-have.  Part-of. 
Which-of -these.  Forever.  Have- ever.  It-may-have-been.  They-have- 
been. 

F-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Poverty-.^— -Perform-ed,  Hope  to  have\      Part  of  ...x^...Perfonnaiice\^_p 
Subjective-ly  \,  Whatever,  Ought  to  kave.L.Deform-ed-ity.L_Difficult-y  I 

Develope      L      Advice,  Advise-d..|.— .Objective-ly../. Suggestive-ly  / 

Govcrn-ed =>  Government j^>     Refer  /*   Thoughtful— V. 

^  Write  Exercises  XIV.  and  XV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
INITIAL  HOOK  FOR  Y. 

Sec.  1 8.  A  large  initial  hook,  on  the  R-hook  side  of 
straight  stems,  or  a  long  and  narrow  initial  hook  on  the  inner 
side  of  curves,  adds  the  consonant  sound  of  Y.  This  hook  is 
used  in  phrasing  only,  and  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word  You, 
Your,  You  are,  or  Year.  (Line  11.) 

a.  The  Y-semi-circle  may  indicate  the  same  words,  where 
the  hook  cannot  be  conveniently  used.  (Line  11.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  11.— Do-you-not.  Did-you-ever.  Which-you-have.  If-you- 
will.  Have-you-seen .  Should-you-say.  May-you-not.  For-your-own. 
What-year.  What-were-you.  Where-were-you.  In-that-year. 

iglf  Write  Exercise  XVI.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

28 


THE    F-V-HOOK — THE   Y-HOOK. 


29 


> 

3  ..........  - 

I1 

U  —  ' 


4 
5 
6 
7— 

8  ( 

9  ( 


11  §18 

12  ^- 

13  1 
14 


L- 


/x 

r 


.y 


^ 

_.VU  6 


I_  > 


--|  .....  \-  ^ 

J.....  c   i   Oi 

^   I  V     ...  ^ 


J.  ......  LA 


I 


1 

15     1L    ^ 

QL 


16 


^ 


-\ 


WORD-SIGNS. 

Issue  ..y....  They  are    /Are,  Recover-ed-y.    /^....Whom Own.. 

Now  v ,  Knew,  New  „„„..._  Year,  Beyond  ..^..Nothing,    Length 

Young  f~ Along,  Language....^..- 


INITIAL  HOOK  FOR  W. 

Sec.  19.  A  large  initial  hook,  on  the  L-hook  side  of 
straight  stems  only,  adds  the  sound  of  W,  and  is  read  after  the 
stem  but  before  any  final  hook,  circle,  or  loop.  (Lines  1-3.) 

a.  Phrasing. — The  W-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
We,  Would,  What,  Whether,  Way,  or  Away.    (Line  4-) 

b.  The  W-semi-circle  may  indicate  the  same  words,  where 
the  hook  cannot  be  conveniently  used.     The  semi-circle  is  also 
used  for  Were.    (Line  4- ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  4. —Before- we-came.  Did-we-not.  "Which-we-may-have. 
Can-we-not.  Upon-what.  By-what-means.  About-what-time.  But-whether- 
you-can.  Part-way.  Go-away.  If-they-were.  If-we-were. 

1^  Write  Exercise  XVII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

FINAL  HOOK   FOR  TER,  DER  AND  THER. 

Sec.  20.  A  large  final  hook  written  in  place  of  the 
N-hook,  on  any  straight  stem,  adds  to  the  stem  the  syllable  Ter, 
Der,  or  Ther,  to  be  read  after  the  stem  and  after  any  vowel  or  ini- 
tial hook,  but  before  a  final  circle  or  N-Hook.  (Lines  5,  6.) 

a.  A  final  Iss-circle,  or  a  small  hook  for  N,  may  be  writ- 
ten within  the  Ter-hook.     (Line  6. ) 

b.  The  final  N-hook  written  within  the  Ter-hook,  may  be 
used  for  the  affix  -ing. 

C.  Phrasing. — The  Ter-hook  adds  to  any  word-sign  the 
word  Their,  There  or  They  are,  and  occasionally  the  word  Other. 
(Line  7.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  7.— Upon-their.  Put-their.  By-their.  Before-their. 
About-there,  What-there-is.  At-their.  Did-their.  Had-their.  Which- 
their.  Came- there.  Can-there-be.  Or- there.  Each -other. 

@*  Write  Exercise  XVIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

FINAL  HOOK   FOR  M. 

Sec.  21.  A  short,  broad  final  hook,  written  in  place  of  the 
F-hook  on  straight  stems,  and  on  the  inner  side  of  curves,  adds 
the  sound  of  M  to  the  stem.  This  hook  is  read  after  the  stem, 
and  after  any  vowel  or  initial  hook,  but  before  a  final  circle  or 

N-hook.    (Lines  8-16.) 

30 


THE  W-HOOK— THE   TER-HOOK — THE   M-HOOK.  31 


' 


...^..-     c  .....  e  .....  c 

-  3  V—  ^      h  -      \ 

W-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Bewikler-ed->—  _     D\vell-t-ing  \        Qtiarter-ed  ............  QuestLon-ed  c  _ 

C_^J?  (~   ^-~*  / 

Acquiesce  ------  Acquiesced   .     _  Railway  c/ 

6  §20.1.  S'  J_J  ......  V  „>.  .....  V  J  ......  L..V  Ol 

6  J-.  ,  J".  j-  J  .....y;  ........  ^  ......  _. 

eJ.  JA  c/  i3       —  3) 

-  J          - 


8  §21  V.  .3-.y-V-^       -b-UrJ 

^    T5  --^3-      ,       ----- -     i  -    •       -p*    -<^> 

11  t»     ^     ,      <o     r      ^  6~    6    oi 
j^_j,-—             ~u*~ 

i 

12 i/*5    ^?  _n p.    &  s....^5  s-z   ^  ..<?..^:zz. 

C/  I     % '  -----j—  r-^         -—  /> 

13 
14 
15 

...^      S    j 


.  .....  o      a? 


32  THE    M-HOOK — THE  TION-HOOK. 

a.  A  final  Iss-circle,  or  a  small  hook  for  N,  may  be  writ- 
ten within  the  M-hook.     This  N-hook  may  also  be  used  for  the 
affix  -ing.     When  M  is  the  last  consonant  in  a  word,  and  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel,  the  stem  is  used.     (Line  1. } 

b.  If  two  vowels  occur  between  M  and  a  preceding  stem, 
the  M-stem  is  used,  excepting  such  words  as  are  illustrated  in 
line  2. 

c.  Phrasing. — The  M-hook  adds  to  a  word-sign  the  word 
May,  Him,  Time,  Make  or  My.     (Line  3.} 

d.  Than,  Been  or  Own,  is  added  by  the  small  N-hook  writ- 
ten within  any  final  large  or  lengthened  hook.     (Line  4- ) 

KEY  TO  LINES  3  AND  4.— It-may-be.  Which-may-be.  Pay-him.  Bv- 
him.  About-him.  For-him.  With-him.  Saw-him.  Show-him.  At-that- 
time.  A-different-time.  Did-you-make-known.  In-my-room. 

Better-than.  Rather-than.  Ever- have-been.  Have-ever-been.  Shall- 
have-been.  TJpon-their-own.  TJpon-my-own.  At-their-own.  At-my-own. 
Had-their-own.  Had-my-own. 

^  Write  Exercise  XIX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
FINAL   HOOK  FOR  TION. 

Sec.  22,  The  syllables  Tion,  Sion,  etc.,  are  expressed  by  a 
small  circle  and  back-hook  similar  to  the  expedient  for  Sn. 
(See  Sec.  8,  g,  h).  A  small  circle  may  be  written  within  the  back- 
hook  to  add  S.  The  syllable  Tion  may  be  added  to  an  N-hook, 
on  a  straight  stem,  by  changing  that  hook  to  a  circle  and  con- 
tinuing the  stroke  to  form  a  back-hook  ;  and  another  circle  for 
S  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook.  (Lines  6-12.) 

a.  Tion  may  be  indicated  after  the  D-stem  and  an  F-hook, 
by  a  small  hook  outside  of  the  F-hook  ;  but  when  two  vowels 
immediately  precede  this  syllable,  in  such  cases,  Ish  with  the 
N-hook  is  used  for  Tion.     (Line  12.) 

b.  In  such  words  as  dictionary,  stationer,  national,  the  back- 
hook  is  omitted.     (Lines  13, 14. ) 

c.  The  past  tense  of  verbs  ending  with  Tion,  is  indicated 
by  halving  the  stem  immediately  preceding  that  syllable.     In 
words  ending  with  -ate  following  Tion,  a  half-length  N  is  used 
after  the   circle,  instead  of  the   back-hook.     (See   Section  23.) 
(Line  15.) 


THE  M-HOOK—  THE    TION-HOOK. 


33 


2    c_4?      \j    _K_,  "^ 

I* 

\  \  -  I 

4  \          >a-  - .  \o  •  -_i         ox  cj          Ifl    . 

'     -—/&- —  -<vcj—  J          b 

M-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Discriminate-d  J-^  Commission-eu_ Commissioner.. Criniinate-d 

Familiar-ly 'o  Familiarize-d'o  Family.-^... Themselves G  Minimum.... 
Memorandum  s~^>   Memoraiida.<rp...Soiiietime  <r^>  Nominate-d  — 

5  .-1 :|-.-.SfL    I     ^i^y,    ^ 

A        ^       1 

6  §22    \     .-—->>    --      I- 

O  >a*  .fa 

ey 

8 

VV6           2.      I  I  /*>      \       \^ 

9     X  ....y^....\C  M  ...^ |^*...  K     \-  _ 

10     ^e       ^_e     V^---^ 
]2     \       1'        t«       V 

UL*          1^^                       i  •  ^s           ^^s\  *^o 

-~t ^       -- — -•  X  /-"••" r~ 

b\  I  V6 

15 


34  THE  TION-HOOK — THE  HALVING  PRINCIPLE. 

d.  The  termination  S-tion,    in    such  words  as   position, 
physician,  is  indicated  by  a  large  circle  and  back-hook  ;  and  a 
final  circle  may  be  written  within  the  back-hook.     (Line  1. ) 

e.  S-tion  is  added  to  an  N-hook,  by  changing  the  hook  to 
a  large  circle  and  adding  a  back-hook  ;  and  a  final  circle  may 
be  written  within  the  back-hook.     (Line  2.} 

f.  In   words  ending    with    -est   or   -ist,    following    Tion, 
the  syllable  may  be  indicated  by  a  small  loop  added  after  the 
circle,  or  by  using  a  half-length  S.    (Line  2.} 

^g"  Write  Exercise  XX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

HALVING  TO  ADD  T  OR  D. 

Sec.  23.  Making  any  stem  half-length,  except  as  stated  in 
this  section,  adds  to  it  the  sound  of  T  or  D.  The  added  sound 
is  read  after  the  stem,  and  after  all  vowels  and  hooks,  but  before 
a  final  circle  or  loop.  (Lines  3-9. ) 

a.  Words  containing  a  second-place  vowel,  with  no  other  stem 
than  L,  R,  M,  or  N,  halved  to  add  the  sound  of  D,  may  occasionally 
be  mistaken  for  similar  words  ending  with  the  sound  of  T  ;  as,  met, 
made.     In  such  cases,  the  vowel  should  be  inserted  when  the  word 
ends  with  D  ;  or,  if  the  half-length  ends  with  a  hook,  the  sound  of 
D  may  be  distinguished  by  shading  the  hook. 

b.  Half-length  stems  are  written  below  the  line,  for  the 
third  position. 

c.  A  half-length  stem  must  not  be  joined  to  another  stem, 
except  where  its  length  can  be  readily  distinguished. 

d.  Ray  is  seldom  halved  to  add  D,  except  when  hooked,  or 
when  preceded  by  F,  V,  M  or  L.     (Line  10.) 

e.  The  syllable  -tive  is  usually  indicated  by  a  V-stem  follow- 
ing a  half-length.     (Line  11. ) 

f.  Phrasing. — Halving  any  word-sign,  or  the  last  stem  of 
an  outline,  adds  the  word  It  or  The,  and  occasionally  the  word 
To.    (Lines  IS,  13.) 

KEY  TO  LINES  12, 13.— Take-it-away.  Did-it-mean.  If-it-had-not-been. 
For-which-it-was.  Can-it-be.  If-it-were.  Is-it-not.  After-it-was.  Shall- 
it-be-said.  Where-it-was,  May-it-not-be.  Whether-it-is-or-not. 

TJpon-the-occasion.  About-the-same.  At-tbe-time.  Charge-the- 
amount.  Por-the-sum.  Of-the.  With-the-details.  From-the-tiine.  What- 
were-the-means.  Go-to-him. 


NOTE.— A  dot  at  the  beginning  of  a  stem  indicates  the  prefls:  Com  or 
or  Con.    See  (*)  on  page  35.   A  dot  at  the  end  of  a  stem,  indicates  Ing. 


THE 

TION-HOOK  —  THE    HALVING  PRINCIPLE.                  35 

r^  NS 

(J*                                                                                              Oy                             fv                                  \  '                                ^*-O 

2  £-      ^ 

I'      /  '  -       NL  *"     1'          'X-                               i 

JL          ^->         <S~          "*     >°        V        V             'f*  fy 

Occupation  JEL 
Possessi  on..  v_ 
Denomination 

TION-HOOK  CONTRACTIONS. 

Compassion  \    Passioa.V  Opposition  .£L.  Position  Vi 
i                       <^,                       i                        1 
Contention  _*  Attention   k      Tension  J,     Decision  JH_ 

^    Condensation  d  Condi  tioiial-lv  ../?.  .Additional-lv...  i.... 

Continuation  ~ 

-«                                                                                              r   r. 
Connection  s  Actionahle-y  —  «  ..Organization  ._[_? 

Formation  _S! 

7^                      JL 

Conviction    V..  _  Recollection  /~  Resolution  ...._y2.. 

Nomination 

Information           Incision  Institution  

3  523  x 

r      r           ^      L_          i:      /•    °7    / 

^        ';                -      5-       ^     r- 

o/ 

6     ^~      <+  - 

-»T*                           ^        <L-      ^        vi       ^            ^ 

7     t    

G      0       c"     0-           '^    J     rjLjLf 

8     ^        •> 

"^          /•>                                      O          ">1" 

9              ~^' 

S                                                        I                                                  "     . 
^          V               |                                                                            <V^"         S~ 

10  Jb 

^yL'^^,^^'  ^ 

i;               -v  <  -\  K 

12     L      ...I2>._ 

Y  s      ^  ^       -\     -^ 

----•--"  £|  :^- 

36        LENGTHENING  —  SPECIAL  RULES  AND  SUGGESTIONS. 

g.  Halving  a  pronoun  or  adverb,  adds  the  word  Did.  Halv- 
ing any  preposition  which  is  written  with  a  curved  stem,  adds 
the  word  What.  (Line  1.  ) 

KEY  TO  LINE  1.—  What-did-you-mean.  Which-did-you-get.  When- 
did-you-go.  We-did.  You-did.  If  -they  -did.  He-did-not.  She-did-not  say- 
that.  Whether-  he-  did-or-not.  Where-did-you-see-him.  From-w  hat-time. 

^  Write  Exercises  XXL  and  XXIL  of  the  Speed-Book. 


LENGTHENING  FOR   TER,  DER,  AND  THER. 

Sec.  24.  Lengthening  a  curved  stem,  or  a  straight  stem 
which  ends  with  a  hook,  adds  the  syllable  Ter,  Der,  or  Ther. 
The  added  syllable  is  read  after  all  vowels  and  hooks,  but  before 
a  final  circle.  (Lines  2-9.) 

a.  The  first  half  of  a  lengthened  stem  is  placed  in  the  posi- 
tion indicated  by  the  leading  vowel  of  the  word,  in  accordance 
with  the  rule  at  section  4,  6,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  it  were  a 
single  stem. 

b.  Phrasing.  —  Lengthening  a  stem,  adds  to  it  the  word 
Ttieir,    There   or    They  are,    and    sometimes    the    word    Other. 
(Line  10.) 

KEY  TO  LINE  10.—  If-there-h  as-been.  For-there-is-not.  Have-there- 
been.  Thought-there-might-be.  Of-their.  So-there-was.  May-there. 
In-there.  I-think-there-is.  Whether-  there-is-or-not.  When-they-are. 

W  Write  Exercise  XXIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 
SPECIAL  RULES  AND  SUGGESTIONS. 

Sec.  25  .  —  a.  When  a  regular  verb  in  the  present  tense  ends 
with  a  half  length  stem,  the  syllable  -ed  may  be  added  for  the 
past  tense  by  an  inclined  final  tick  struck  at  a  distinct  angle 
with  tlie  half-length  or  with  its  final  hook.  This  tick  is  not  used, 
where  -ed  is  not  a  separate  syllable.  (Lines  11-13.) 

b.  Words  of  the  same  part  of  speech  and  containing  the 
same  consonants,  must  be  distinguished  by  vocalization,  or  by 
difference  of  position  or  outline.  When  two  such  words  belong 
in  the  same  position,  the  most  frequently  occurring  one  should 
have  the  preference  ;  but  where  there  is  little  or  no  differ- 
ence in  that  respect,  preference  should  be  given  to  one  con- 
taining a  diphthong,  or  an  accented  long  vowel.  (Seep.  69.) 


LENGTHENING— SPECIAL  RULES   AND   SUGGESTIONS.         37 


^ ~_t 


HALF-LENGTH  CONTRACTIONS. 

P:irticular.._L...Opportuuity, Pretty  <\   Except  ^    Accept Expand... 

Expeud-iture     S  Decreed.  According  to  .™_.._Built-d-ing  A....  Able  to 

Toward  1    Gentlemen  .../...  Gentleman  J  Quite  Could  _   Good 

Guilty ...Neglect   e_    Negligent    <^,     Somewhat  -T.....  Mental-ly     , 

Not,  Need Under,  Hundred  ^   Nature,  Hand  ..      ludividual-ly  .. 

Nevertheless"*^.  Notwithstanding  .....:r^..  Understood  ^f  Understand 
Anybody.-^T^.....  Nobody  -—\    Neighborhood      ^  Immediate  -ly ...™ 


v \ j--/-/- 

3'       \v  .  u    -P</  .v  ,V 


7 

8 

9 

10 

11  §25 

12 


VL  vUx ) 

Sc*  r     i  -  ' 


"7T ^: 

c'    J^ 


13 


s     sv    £ 


/? 


•K, 


V  --' 

..^  ^ 


452281 


38  SPECIAL  RULES  AND    SUGGESTIONS. 

c.  Words  having  peculiar  outlines,  and  most  words  con- 
taining more  than  two  upright  or  inclined  stems,  may    be 
written  on  the  line.    (Line  1.) 

d.  No  hook,  circle,  or  loop,  can  be  used  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  when  the  sound  indicated  by  it  is  immediately  preceded 
and  followed  by  vowels. 

e.  As  far  as  possible,  derivatives  should  be  written  with 
outlines  similar  to  those  of  their  primitives,  and  usually  in  the 
same  position. 

f .  The  sound  of  Sh  is  sometimes  indicated  by  the  circle  or 
loop,  as  in  accomplish,  negotiate.    (Line  2.) 

g.  When  T  or  D  is  followed  by  the  consonant  sound  of  Y, 
both  sounds  may  be  expressed  by  Chay  or  Jay.     (Line  2.) 

h.  In  words  ending  with  K-tion  following  T  or  D,  K  may 
generally  be  omitted.  K  may  also  be  omitted  in  many  words  in 
which  K-tion  follows  other  consonants  ;  and  other  letters  are 
omitted  in  some  cases,  as  indicated  in  lines  3  to  5. 

i.  Foreign  sounds  are  indicated  by  striking  a  light  waved 
line  through  stems  most  nearly  representing  them.  (Line  6.) 

j.  The  termination  -ure  may  be  indicated  by  the  stem  Y ; 
also,  by  the  Ter-hook,  by  Chay  or  Jay  with  the  R-hook,  by  the 
Str-loop,  or  by  lengthening  a  curved  stem.  (Line  7.) 

k.  The  semi-circles  for  the  coalescents  W  and  Y  may  be 
written  by  the  side  of  a  stem,  in  the  position  of  a  vowel,  thus 
indicating  both  the  consonant  and  the  vowel  which  follows  it. 
In  such  cases  the  W-semi-circle  opens  to  the  right  to  indicate 
a  dot  vowel,  and  to  the  left  to  indicate  a  dash  vowel ;  and 
the  Y-semi-circle  opens  upward  for  a  dot  vowel,  and  downward 
for  a  dash  vowel.  The  semi-circles  may  be  shaded  for  long 
vowels,  and  made  light  for  short  vowels,  if  desired.  (Line  8.) 

1.  The  back-hook  after  a  circle  may  often  be  used  to  indi- 
cate the  affix  -ing,  but  care  should  be  taken  that  the  resulting 
outline  be  not  of  such  form  as  to  be  mistaken  for  a  different 
word.  In  outlines  of  two  or  more  stems,  the  N-hook  may  be  used 
for  -ing,  the  same  precaution  being  taken.  To  indicate  -ings,  the 
circle  is  written  within  the  Jiook.  (Line  9.) 

^  Write  Exercise  XXIV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


SPECIAL   RULES   AND    SUGGESTIONS. 


39 


4_ 


) 


2 
3 

4       h  =  '<— T> 

p       1  =  1       /r=  ^i/r »  -^°  =  ^ 

v 

6  (Ger. )  Einig  :±Z7...  Ich  ^  (/>.)In^f>     en..^...  bon  S 

7  V         "V  X-P          ^r     ,.  ^-(-j          ^7         -.' - 1^ 

COALESCENTS. 

WEE  c      WA  c|    WAH  e|  WAW  *|    WO  >|    WOO 
YEE  "     YA  «|    YAH    |   YAW  °      YO  "|    YOO 

8  _^_ 

9 -v>- \    ^    .-L-J -\....J:     ct  ...\  .VS    V 

>S  *•.*»»•     xcy-  </ 

^A      I        ^-     -I  ^^\5  /^>       > 

ID     b  L-j5>    i    a^s>      • ^~1; 

HALF-LENGTH   CONTRACTIONS. 
Quantity .. "r?.. ... Acquaint-ance  c^    Contract...?. Trade   1      Attract 

Direct,  Day  or  two    1      Effect    v.    Affect,  Fact  -^-  Frequent-ly.....^. 

Convict Authority......... With  regard  to... Without  regard  to__L 

Iniport-ant...'?^..  Imports-ance  .^T?5...1ndependeut  '"^,    Intelligent  ...^ 

Q 

Subjected     ^      Consequent-ly  .-..Tl...-Exaniined Mentioned     s-s 

Remarked. .^._ Measured  )   In  regard  to  Water ..7...  As  regards  ..... 

Year  or  two  ..'  ....  Yet   f  Behind  ...  \._.  Movement .... 


40  PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 

m.  Phrasing.— It  was  stated  in  section  23,  /,  that  the 
word  To  is  sometimes  added  to  a  word  by  halving.  To  is  gen- 
erally indicated,  however,  by  writing  the  preceding  and 
following  words  near  each  other,  rather  than  by  halving  ;  but 
where  To  is  followed  by  a  word  which  may  be  added  to  it  by  a 
hook,  circle,  loop,  or  other  expedient,  in  accordance  with  the 
phrasing  rules  heretofore  given,  the  better  practice  is  to  write 
the  word-sign  for  To,  with  the  subsequent  word  so  added.  (Lines 
14-18,  page  47.} 

@*  Write  Exercise  XXV.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES. 

Sec.  26.  One  of  the  most  important  methods  of  abbre- 
viation in  Phonetic  Shorthand,  is  that  of  using  certain  signs 
for  frequently  occurring  prefixes  and  affixes,  rules  for  which 
are  given  in  this  section.  Illustrations  of  the  use  of  these 
rules  will  be  found  on  page  43. 

Prefixes. — 1.  The  prefix  Accom,  is  indicated  by  the  stem  K, 
joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word.  (Line  1. ) 

2.  Com,  Con,  or.  Cog,  is  generally  indicated  by  a  dot  at  the 
beginning  of  the  first  stem  of  an  outline.     In  some  words,  how- 
ever, it  is  better  to  use  K  with  the  N-hook  for  Con.     (Line  2.) 

3.  In  the  middle  of  a  word,  Com,  Con,  or  Cog,  is  indicated 
by.  disconnecting  the  outline  at  the  point  where  the  syllable 
occurs.     (Line  3.) 

4.  Contra,  Counter,  by  an  inclined  tick  written  in  place  of 
the  Con-dot ;  by  a  half-length  K  with  the  N-hook,  followed 
by  Ar  or  Ray  as  is  most  convenient ;  or,  in  a  few  instances,  by 
T  with  the  R-hook,  preceded  by  the  Con-dot.     (Line  4-} 

5.  For,  Fore,  by  F,  joined  to  the  remainder  of  the  word. 
(Line  5.) 

6.  In,  Un,  by  the  N-stem ;  or,  when  followed  by  Iss,  by  an 
initial  back-hock,  if  the  N-stem  will  not  readily  join.    (Line  6.) 

7.  Inter,  Intro,  Enter,  by  a  half-length  N,  either  joined  or 
disjoined.     If  disjoined,  it  should  be  written  to  the  succeed- 
ing stem  in  the  position  of  the  first  vowel  of  the  prefix.     (Line  7. } 


PREFIXES   AND   AFFIXES.  41 

8.  Magna,  Magni,  by  a  disjoined  M,  written  over  or  near 
the  remainder  of  the  word.     Magnify,  and  its  derivatives  are 
written  MG.     (Line  8.) 

9.  Kel,  by  the  stem  Ray  with  the  L-hook.     (Line  9. } 

10.  Self,  by  the  syllable  written  in  full,  where  convenient. 
In  other  cases,  by  the  Iss-circle,  as  shown  in  line  10. 

11.  There  should  always  be  written  with   the   stem   Ray, 
but  in  such  words  as  thereupon,  therefore,  thereafter,  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  Ray  should  be  so  changed  as  to  bring  the  remainder 
of  the  word  in  its  proper  position.     (Line  11.) 

Affixes. — 12.  Ble,  Bly,  are  indicated  by  B  and  the 
L-hook ;  or  where  the  hook  cannot  be  used  conveniently,  by 
B  alone.  (Line  12.) 

13.  Bleness,  by  B  with  the  L-hook  and  final  Iss,  disjoined 
and  written  through  the  line.     (Line  13.) 

14.  Ed,  by  halving  the  last  stem  of  an  outline  ;  by  a  half-length 
T  or  D,  joined  or  disjoined,  after  a  full-length  stem  ;   or  by  an 
inclined  tick  after  a  half-length  stem,  as  provided  in  section  25,  a. 
(Line  14.) 

15.  Ential,  Entially,  by  Sh  following  the  N-hook.     Essen- 
tial and  essentially  are  written  SN.     (Line  15.) 

16.  Ever,    by    the    P-hook ;     Soever,    by    the    circle    and 
V-stetn.     (Line  16.) 

17.  For,   Fore,    Form,   by  F  joined  to  the  preceding  por- 
tion of  the  word.      (Line  17.) 

18.  Fid,    Fully,    by   the    F-hook,    except   when   the   affix 
follows  a  circle  or  hook,  in  which  case  it  is  indicated  by  the 
stemF.     (Line  18.) 

19.  Fullness,  by  F  followed  by  Iss,   written  through   the 
line  near  the  preceding  portion  of  the  word.     (Line  19.) 

20.  Ing  is    better   indicated   by   the    Ing-stem,    in    many 
cases.     After  the  Tr-  or  M-hook,   or  after  the  F-hook  on  a 
curved  stem,  it  is  indicated  by  a  small  hook  within  the  larger 
one.     In  other  cases,  it  is  indicated  by  a  dot  at  the  end  of  the 


42  PREFIXES   AND  AFFIXES. 

last  stem  of  an  outline.  In  such  words  as  exceedingly,  the  Ing- 
dot  is  placed  at  the  end  of  the  last  stem  preceding  L.  See,  also, 
section  10,  6,  and  section  25,  I.  (Line  20.} 

21.  A    perpendicular  or  horizontal  tick,   in  place  of  the 
Ing-dot,  indicates  the  syllable  Ing  followed  by  a,  an  or  and. 
An  inclined  tick,  in  the  same  position,  indicates  ing  followed 
by  the.     (Line  SI.) 

22.  When  a  word  ends  with  ing,  it  is  often  convenient  to 
indicate  the  affix  by  beginning  the  next  word  near  the  Ing-dot 
place,   or  by  striking  the  first  stem  of  the  succeeding  word 
through  the  last  stem  of  the  word  to  which  the  affix  -belongs. 
(Line  22.) 

23.  Ings  may  be   written  with  Ing  and  the  small  circle, 
or  by  making  a  circle  in  place  of  the  Ing-dot.     (Line  S3. ) 

24.  L-ty  or  R-ty,  in  such  words  as  formality,  popularity,  may 
be  expressed  by  detaching  the  preceding  stem.  In  some  cases, 
these  terminations  may  be  indicated  by  halving  Lay  or  Ray,  or 
by  halving  a  stem  bearing  the  L-  or  R-hook.  Eility,  as  well 
as  Ble  and  Bly,  is  expressed  after  a  circle  by  the  stem  B. 
(Line  24.) 

25.  Lessness,  by  Lay  and  the  Iss-circle,  disjoined.  (Line  25.) 

26.  Merit ,  by  a  half-length  M  with  the  N-hook  ;  Mental-ly-ity,  by 
the  same,  disjoined.     If  M  cannot  be  readily  joined,  a  half-length 

N  is  used  for  Ment.     (Line  26.) 

• 

27.  Ology,  Ological,  by  J,  joined  or  disjoined.     (Line  27.) 

28.  Ography,  Ographer,  by  G.  with  or  without  the  R-hook. 
(Line  28.) 

29.  Self,  Selves,  by  the  syllable  written  out,  except  in  a 
few  cases  where  it  is  more  convenient  to  indicate  the  affix  by  a 
small  circle.    (Line  29.) 

30.  Ship,  by  Sh,  either  joined  or  disjoined.     (Line  30.) 

31.  Ly,  by  El,  or  by  Lay  joined  or  disjoined.     (Line  31  ) 
<^*  Write  Exercise  XXVI.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

NOTE.— When   an   outline  is  disconnected,  the  different  parts  must  be 
written    very  near    each    other. 


PREFIXES  AND   AFFIXES. 

43 

1 

2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 

16 

Accomplish 
\T~V,     1     Accomplishment 
Accommodation 
V                       Combination 
<J    —3        Conscience 

18  ^>    £    6 

Careful-ly 
Cheerful-ly 
'  'J  houghtful-ly 

Successful-ly 
Harmful 
Painful 
Cheerfulness 

Wilfulness 

Being 
Tottering 
Teaming 

Moving 
Going 
Accordingly 

Taking  a 
Forming  a 
Giving  a 

Taking  the 
Seeing  the 
Giving  the 
Storing  go:  ds 
Receiving  them 
Having  done 
Complainings 
Pleadings 
Proceedings 
Formality 
Popularity 
Feasibility 

Liability 
Majority 
Vitality 

Thoughtlessness 
Carelessness 
Fearlessness 
Rudimental 
Fundamental 
Instrumental 

Theology 
Physiology 
Geology 

Geography-er 
Biography-er 
Stenography-er 

Myself 
Of  itself 
Themselves 

Friendship 
Hardship 
Ownership 

Kindly 
Suddenly 
Early 

a^__^_\ 

ioj 

^        \o  •"  \o~ 
20  -X^'-  .A.    ^ 

'^"      Contour 
•                     Unconditional-ly 
^""/^  ^""C  /"-"•     Incumbent 

Recognition 

\                         Contravene 
Counterplf  a 

Contradiction 

Forenoon 
v-^v^.  v.       Formidable-y 
\  N      Forbid 

V    j^\>    «       Inspiration 

..^..-.T 
21  !    ia  — 

Uncotsidered 

^|  ^-i     2.  „!       Introduce 
b      V/    J       Introversion 
Entertain 
•^  ^.        Magnanimous 
v_^~j,  fr~|..    Magnesia 

1     )  -' 

•i.-L^xY 

23  ^..V^ 
24  V^   \r-^4 

Magna  C'larta 
e.      Q-    .\      Relation 
„  x      Realization 

Reliable 

s~>    /^>    I         Self-esteem 
6  f-~.6j  °U_p     Selfish 
Self-defense 
Thereupon 
/     /  v--^l      Theref  or-e 

^  Thereafter 

^-c      L    \      Notable-y 
\    -\  ...  y..  .  Feasible-y 
Profltable-y 
Changeableness 
•'\---Qt-  V-  Tractableness 
0    Curableness 

,  —  ,  *—>  ^-si     Located 

25  ^r  ^-r  (/° 

Y'" 

27  /  ..    ^    ^ 
28  ^~^-L 

Invited 

c  —  I  1  ^—i  /)    Credential 
j3  ^/   ^y     Deferential 
Inferential 

Whatever 
Wherever 
Whenever 
.              b       Whosoever 

29.d!^L6 

30  ^  -^  j 

17 

v-           Whatsoever 
/\^      \^          Theref  or-e 

V    Platform 

31  2C  fi   \~ 

PHRASING. 

Sec.  27.  The  student  will  have  noticed  that  there  are  two 
kinds  of  phrase-writing  taught  in  the  rules  heretofore  given — 
Simple  Phrasing,  which  is  the  joining  of  two  or  more  outlines ; 
and  Group  Phrasing,  which  is  the  representation  of  phrases  by 
the  use  of  hooks,  circles,  or  loops,  attached  to  a  word-sign,  or 
by  the  halving  or  lengthening  principles.  As  to  either  method, 
the  following  directions  should  be  carefully  observed  : 

a.  Such  words  only  should    be    joined  as  have   a  close 
grammatical  relation  to  each  other. 

b.  If  the  elements  of  a  phrase  cannot  be  easily  and  readily 
joined,  or  if  for  any  reason  they  would  not  be  distinct  when 
joined,  the  combination  should  not  be  made. 

c.  Two  distinct  phrases  should  not  be  joined  together. 

d.  Two  large  hooks  should  not  be  written  on  the  same  side 
of  a  straight  stem,  in  phrasing,  as  they  would  have  a  tendency 
to  curve  the  stem  ;  and  no  hook  can  be  used  to  add  a  word  to  a 
stem  which  is  halved  or  lengthened  for  a  preceding  word. 

e.  Unusual  phrases,  as  come  what  will,  should  not  be  joined. 

f .  When  a  phrase  begins  with  the  tick  word-sign  for  A, 
An,  And,  I,  He,  or  The,  the  second  word  of  the  phrase  should 
be  written  in  position,  and  not  the  tick. 

g.  When  a  phrase  begins  with   the  tick  for  Awe,  All, 
Already,  or  On,  or  with  the  circle  for  Is  or  His,  or  with  a  first- 
position  horizontal  or  half-length  word-form,  such  tick,  circle, 
horizontal  or  half-length  may  be  slightly   raised  or  lowered 
when  joined  to  a  word  beginning  above  the  line  of  writing,  in 
order  to  bring  the  next  word  to  its  usual  position. 

h.  In  all  other  cases,  the  first  word  of  a  phrase  should  be 
written  in  the  position  it  would  occupy  if  standing  alone. 

i.  A  word  or  letter  may  be  omitted  from  a  phrase-sign,  or 
changed  in  form,  if  the  context  will  clearly  and  certainly 
suggest  it.  (Lines  1,  2,  page  47.) 

NOTE.— IP  a  very  few  instances,  it  may  be  found  that  a  word-sign 
cannot  be  distinguished  readily  if  written  out  of  its  natural  position  in  a 
phrase-sign.  No  general  rule  can  be  given  to  govern  such  cases,  but  the 
student  must  learn,  by  practice  in  reading,  to  avoid  such  combinations. 

44 


PHRASING.  45 


j.  Special  phrasing  contractions  may  be  made,  where 
difficult  or  lengthy  combinations  of  words  occur  frequently  in  a 
report.  (Line  3.) 

k.  Simple  Phrasing — The  simplest  phrase-sign  is  made 
by  joining  two  or  more  words  without  change  of  form.  (Line  4- ) 

1.  Words  forming  part  of  a  complete  phrase  may  be  joined, 
and  the  remainder  written  separately,  if  necessary  on  account 
of  especial  difficulty  of  junction.  (Line  5.) 

m.  Group  Phrasing.— Having  may  be  added  by  the  F-Hook 
and  the  Ing-dot,  but  in  most  cases  it  is  sufficiently  indicated  by 
the  hook  alone.  (Line  6.) 

n.    After  a  final  circle  or  hook,  or  after  a  half-length 
curve,  Their  or  Tliere  is  added  by  a  heavy  tick.     (Line  6.) 
@* Write  Exercise  XXVII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

o.  Than,  Been,  Own,  or  One,  is  indicated  by  a  back-hook, 
after  a  circle  or  loop.  (Line  7.) 

p.  It  may  be  indicated  by  a  final  tick,  struck  at  an  acute 
angle  with  any  final  hook  or  half-length  stem.  (Line  7.) 

q.  If  for  any  reason  Him  cannot  be  conveniently  indicated 
by  the  M-hook,  it  should  be  written  with  Hay,  though  it  may 
be  represented  by  a  P- tick  after  a  final  hook.  (Line  8.) 

r.    Himself  may  often  be  indicated  by  the  M-hook  and  final 
circle.     Myself  must  never  be  written  with  the  M-hook.  (Line  8. ) 
^ Write  Exercise  XVIII.  of  the  Speed-Book. 

s.  One  may  be  added  by  the  N-hook  to  either  of  the 
following  words  :  At,  But,  Each,  Which,  Some,  Any,  No,  Long, 
Every,  Either,  Other,  Only.  (Line  9.) 

t.  When  an  outline  ends  with  Iss,  enlarging  the  circle 
adds  to  it  the  word  Is,  His,  As,  or  Has.  (Line  10.) 

u.  In  or  In  the  is  prefixed  by  an  initial  back-hook  to  a  word 
or  phrase  beginning  with  Iss,  if  the  N-stem  cannot  be  used  as 
conveniently.  (Line  10.) 

v.  Should  may  be  indicated  by  the  Ray-tick,  if  that  can  be 
more  easily  joined  than  Sh.  When  preceded  by  /,  He  or  You, 
or  when  used  initially,  the  tick  must  rest  upon  the  line.  (Line  11. ) 

w.  Very  careful  writers  may  use  the  small  hooks  and 
circles  on  the  tick  word-signs.  (Line  12.) 


46  PHRASING. 


x.  Of  and  Of  the  are  generally  omitted  between  two  nouns 
which  are  joined  in  a  phrase-sign.  (Line  13.} 

y.  Or  is  implied  between  two  sets  of  figures,  when  the 
second  set  is  written  above  the  line.  And  or  To  is  implied 
when  the  second  set  is  written  below  the  line.  (Line  13.) 

&  Write  Exercise  XXIX.  of  the  Speed-Book. 


KET  TO  PHRASES  ON  PAGE  47.— 1.  Moat-likely.  Ought-to-have-been. 
Ought-not-to-have-been.  It-seems-to-be.  Hefresh-your-recollection. 
Yes-or-no.  Five-or-9ix.  Great-deal.  Couldn't-tell.  In-order-to-have. 

2.  Night-time.    The-other.    I-am- not-sure.    It-must-have-been.    Did- 
you-have-any-conversation.    Bear-ln-mind.  In-earnest.    In-reply-to-your- 
letter.    Do-you-not-remember.    Once-or-twice.    Eternal-life. 

3.  New- York-Central-Railroad.  German-Insurance-Company.  Mutual- 
Life-Insurance-Oompany.        Where-do-you-reside.        Where-do-you-live. 
How-long-have-you-lived.    In-Rochester.    Entitled-to-recover.     Guilt-or- 
innocence.    What-is-your-business. 

4.  It-was.       It-has-been.       It-may-be.     Upon-that-subject.     Do-so. 
Shall-be.  Hand-in-hand.  Will-be-certain.  It-has-not-been.   Is-not-inclined. 
That-which  may-be. 

5.  It-must-not-be  supposed.       If-that  could-be.      There  may-not-be. 
If-they  should-come.     Which-has-been  chosen.    May-require  adjustment. 

6.  After-having.     Tor-having.      In-having.      With-having.      Upon- 
having.    About-having.    Gives-their.     Puts-their.     Knows-there.    Been- 
there.    Gone-there.    Done-their.    Affect-their.    Note -their. 

7.  Less-than.     That-there-has-been.     For-it-has-been.     By-his-own. 
Find-it.   Around-it.  Maintained-it.  Renewed-it.  They-did-it.   Why-did-it. 

8.  Bid-him.       Taught-him.       Affect-him.       Lend-him.       Mind-him. 
Around-him.     Offend-him.     Attend-him.     Dun-him.     By-himself.     For- 
himself.    With-himself. 

9.  At-one.    But-one.     Each-one.    Which-one.     Some-one.    Any-one. 
No-one.    Long-one.    Every-one.    Either-one.    Other-one.    Only-one. 

10.  What-is-his-name.     It-is-as-much.       Enlarges-his.        Where-is-his. 
He-tells-us.     In-the-sarae.     In-the-spring.     In-the-street.     In-the-same- 
place.    In-the-supreme-court.    In-the-same-room. 

11.  It-should-be.    It-should-not-have-been.    Which-should-have.    We- 
should-not.    I-should-not-be.    He-should-not-know.     Should-not-suppose. 
Should-have-said.      You-should-have-seen.      You-should-not-be.      You- 
should-not-have-been. 

12.  All-were.    All-will.    All-of.    All-have-been.   All-is-done.    All-has- 
been.    Who-will.    Who-were.    Who-have.    I-have-bcen.    He-is.    He-has. 
Is-he.    Has-he.    On-his-own. 

13.  What-time-of-day.    What-time-of-night.    Piece-of-land.    Acts-of- 
congress.    Bill-of-sale.     Bills-of-sale.    25-or-26.    25-or-30.     Between-7-and- 
10.    From  5-to-6-hundred-dollars. 

14.  Charley  is-to-be-sent-to-New-York  tomorrow-to-meet-his-mother, 
and-hewillgo  with-her  on-Saturday  to-your-brother's  house. 

15.  After-having-been  advised  as-to-bis  condition,  they-decided  not-to- 
remove  him  at-present,  and-he-remains  in-the-same-room  where-you  saw- 
him  today. 

16.  Our   general-agent  expects-to-be   at-your-place  next-week,  and- 
will  call  upon-you  and  explain  the-matter  fully. 

17, 18.  Complete  lists  of-the  word-signs  and-contractions  of -the 
system  are  given  in-the-pages  which  follow  this  -exercise.  The  student  is- 
advised-to-examine  these  lists  with  care,  and-to- write  out  and-commit-to- 
memory  those  which  he-has-not  already  learned. 


PHRASING. 


47 


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m 


5     L-—  &-A    \>  »    _/7...  —v    •»     /   /'  i  >o  ..^.....y....x>   c/ 


't  5 


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11     k 

\         i 

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12 .... ^ 

13.Ji !±L_V_ 


X. 


p 
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A 

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...(...  ^  ....^ 


WORD-SIGNS. 

The  ticks  for  TO,  HOW,  and  SHOULD,  and  the  circles  for  AS  and  HAS,  are  iised  in  phrasing 

only.    The  word-signs  for  ON,  SHOULD,  and  HOW,  are  written  upward. 

•                       \                            I                                 /                         o 

....The            ....All                   ...Awe,  Already  ....He              ....Is.His 

.A                  /  Who                i    Oh,  Owe            —  On                0  As  ,,Has 

V                                                                                     X7 

....Ah               \    Two,  Too     ....I,  High                x  Should        ...Is  there 

.   An,  And      \   To                    0  First                   ....How           H-as  there 

\   \             Upon,  Property,  Occupy 
....    \   \  .  .  Up,  Hope,  Pay 
N      Put,  Part,  Party,  Happy 

)      \       \     Ease,  Easy 
—   /   .  .  I  .  .  Was,  Owes 
7     Has,  As,  Whose 

\  \             Be,  By,  Buy 
....    \  \  .  .  Before 

-^       ;          She,  Wish 
'      )  .  Shall,  Show 

x     About 

Should,  Issue 

What,Ought,Talk,  Between 
At,  Take,  It 

—  -X  Usual,  Usually 

.                       Out,  To,  But,  Took  [Dollar 

/*- 

•     Did,  Differ-ed-ent-ence, 

'       /~   —  .  While,  111,  Lie 

....    I    ...1  ..Do,  Defendant,  Day 

.  .  .  .  '       f     .  Will,  Well,  Low 

Had,  Add 

-.                   Allow,  Whole, 

/       /        ,     Watch,  Each 
....  /       /..Which,  Change 
Charge,  Much 

J   ~N           From,  Here,  Hear 
....      »  "X  ..  Where,  Were,  Her 
,             )     Our,  Hour 

/    /      .      Object-ed,  Adjoin-ed 
—  '      /  .  .  Agent,  Age 

/      /     ,    Or                    [Recollect 
....'     /.  .  .  There,  Then-,  They  are, 

Judge,  Large,  Advantage 

Recover,  Recovery,  Are 

.                                                    [Week 
Common,  Commit-ted-tee, 

Me,  My,  Time 

•  •  •  Company,  Come,  Came     4 
Can,  Accompany-ied, 

•  •  •  •-'    ~»  May 
""*    Am,  Whom 

—                 Give,  Given           Bounty 
Go,  Gave,  Against, 
—     Ago,  Together 

In,  Any 
—  ~^~^  No,  Know 
'    Knew,  Own 

V^_  i                If,  Wife,  Form 
v.   I        For.  Forget,  Forgot 
v-"  After,  Half 

Not,  Need 
...   ^-^  Under,  Hundred 
Nature,  Hand 

^  i               Of,  Live 
v_  i  .  .  .  Ever,  Heavy 
,            v-     Have,  Above 

f~  —  «          Year,  Beyond 
T     f~     Yes,  Young 
You,  Your,  You  are 

(       (       ,     Thought 
.   V     .  (  .  .  Worth,  Oath,  Month 
,               ^     Thank,  Youth 

^>  -s            We,  Why,  Without, 
....      '  ^..Whether,  Way     [Wheel 
'    Would,  Away 

(       /       .     With,  Thy 

s~~^                 Him,  he 

....   \    .  .  I  .  .  They,  Though,  Worthy 

—  *-^s  When 

"      That,  Thou 

•^""^    How 

>             ge6i  gaw 

^  —  '                 Think,  Long,  Thing 

....   /   :.  )..  So,  Say,  Us 

—  s—  •  '  Nothing,Among,Length 

House,  Sue 

^^     Language,  Along 

48 

CONTRACTIONS   AND   WORD-FORMS. 

SnrPLE  CONTRACTIONS. 

-A                        October 
\                       Quite 

Could 

*  —                   s~  Altogether 
r—  —     Good  deal 
Good  while 

i       V_^  Few 
-W--.  \     :C>-  February 
\            Former 

V     /  i                    Formerly 
..^.-...\«_    "s      Forgiven 
**    Affidavit 

^    Effect 
V-    ..                     Affect,  Fact 

.       Public-ly-ish 
\        V        \  .  Publication 
\       V             Peculiar-ly-ity 

\/-  Perpendicular-ly 
\s  \  \  :  ..  Pecuniary 

Operation 
»         Portion 
\X_.V_&.>  —  Apportion 
Became,  Become 

v    v  Bv  virtue  of 
'     \X    Bond  and  mortgage 
Better 
•         Better  than 
V/       cL      1  —    At  any  rate 
Teehnical-ly-ity 

At  last 
1^                l~~.     Dignify-ied-ty 
Democrat-ic-cy 

i        Domestic 
|—        i          li       Downward 
"1^  J       Doctrine-al 

Determine 
L         L       Determined 
Determination 

J                            in 

.         .        Danger 
L         1        Dangerous 
/       /                 Declare 
Declaration 
U-.       I—.    Demonstrate 
T    Demonstration 

Chattel  mortgage 
/        /      Changeable-y 
'i^^.  \    '  V  Chargeable-y 
.                           January 
O      /       /—  Agency 
}        (        Advantageous 

Capable-y 
\       /         7    Acknowledge 
Acknowledged 

_^   ^^Acknowledgement 
f-,       (              Commonly 

Convict 

v      9  L     f>  \.     £•  Verse,  Various 
V/   V/V/    Versed 
Version,  Variation 

Especial-ly 
/          i_x  ...)  Essential-ly 
\                  *">  Assume 

)                 Assumption 
Assignment 
^—5-                 \    Establish-ed 

•\^>      L     Establishment 
)       0    Eastern,Astronomy 
v-t>                       East  and  West 
)         ,-,    Easterly 
J       il   Eastward 

Legislate-d-or-ure 

s~,      /\        xv    Legislation 
t  4    /  \    /  \j  Represent  -ed 
Representative 

^     __   Representation 
/>  X//         Original-ly-ate-d 
Regular-ly 
x\        x/   Republic-ish-ed 
X\  /  \  /rf    Republican 
\        i           Regeneration 
e  —    s—           Require 
/       /       "N       Required 

—  Architect-ure-al 
Argue-ment 
.^v....  Xv  x^%  Reform 

Common  law 
f—  •*.  _       .  —  r  Commercial-ly 
(  /    (  Catholic 
Roman  Catholic 

L—                     Reformation 

p     ~x       •>     Retrospect 
•\X\      J       C    ^Vherefore 
v.          Heretofore 

50                                    CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS. 

~\        /\^       jt    Arrangement    [rive 

INITIAL  CIRCLES, 
o                   o     Is,  His 

Reverend,  Revenue 

x—  ID  '~-f\  Revolution 
-/\:-  '        Reorganize 
Import  ant 

^—  -r^o           '~v\,  Importance 

Is  his,  His  is 

\     As  has,  As  is 
.0  -e  .\...  And  so  forth 
Speak,  Speech 

\                  \     Spoke,  Special-ly 
\    .....X^—  _    i    Expect-ed 
Spoken 

V                   9      Exception 
p   —  -v—  -     i    Expectation 
Expense-ive-ly 
p                    o      Expanse-ive-ly 
-V  q  ^      Expand 

Imperfect 
Improvement 

Mutual-ly 

.,  ,-^-x-^i    Maturity 
-~/\  x  From  time  to  time 
Manufacture-d 

^^^    ^-^  Manufactory 

^^        Immediate-ly 
.  Movement 
^-iX—  —  —  Material-ly 

Subject,  Subpoena 
D         D                 Subjective-ly 
X       V       ^      Subjection 
Subjected 
Satisfv-ied 
P      Satisfies 

Any  other 
No  other 

Now 

v—  o    ^~^^  ^_^     Any  way 
V.    Anything 

b        D        O      Satisfaction 
Satisfactory 
p/      o_       f      Satisfactorily 
f       T"              Circunistantial-ly, 
[Extension 
p                   p      Circumstance,    Ex- 
o     _H__     1      Setoff       [tensive-ly 

\  Envelope 
v_^^                       Anybody 
^"*    ^_^\   v  —  A  Nobody 

Neighborhood 

^_jr^-     -V-T^^P   Inquire-y 
Inquired 

Set  forth 
P        P         p       Consist 
•^     System 
Considerate 

/°       f>       f>      Situate-d 

In  accordance  with 
Engage-d 
v_x—  v^x—^V  Negotiated 
Inform 

^.              Information 
^P        *^    ^~\  Involve 

Suggest 

/>      °—  D    Q—  -*    Suggestive-ly 
L      Consequence 

November,  Never 

^^,            ,  Anniversary 
^--i          ^^    ^s  Involution    [tial-ly 
Influential-ly,  Ini- 
Nevertheless 
—  V     ^      J    Independent-ly 
f^                     Intelligence 

^         v_  Intelligent 
^           ^-       (    Notify 
Until 
^^                         Entire 
)         /  ^  —    Natural-ly 
Undertake 

Undertaken 

•  3,..v-i  .....7>...  Undertook 
Individual-ly 

Consequential-ly 
o_,      Q  a-,     Consequent-ly    [ied 
.  .   Signature,  Signifv- 

Significant-ly 

n         _—    p        Significance 
^~^x   Signification 

Sufficient 
Sufficiency 
Va_^  V       P....  Several 
Southeast 
p                 Southeastern 
/"        C       <y<-*'  Southern 
Certainly 

Certify 
O-A       °^\      o^°  Certification 
=            Circumference 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.                                    51 

Somebody 
6~X  <j~i     «~^-^    Sometime 
Some  of  the  time 
g-s            ,    g~^     Somewhat 

i          1              Dissimilar-itv 
<£±  (Z  1...  Conditional-Iy 
f*    Additional-ly 

i          1         |        Disclaim-ed 
<2_      e__^    S-     Disqualify 
V      ^  Disqualification 
^       —  °     Do^y^l  stairs 

Similar-ity 

^y                       Similarly 
f     <s~^   -=_,-  Some  one,  Summon 
Examine 

Examined 
°~V~  Examination 

Because 

p     —  f  Actionable-y 
.Trr^_    3       /     Expend-iture 
Exchange-d 

.  Counsel-cil 
—  (~~f~^  —e~v    Custom 
Customer-ary 
^TS~^      /  Accustom 

Southwesterly 

o^      <^   Southwestern 
_?y_  t    Single-ular 
Singly 

FIXAL  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS. 

\>      \>       V      Possible-y-ity 

Executor-y 

-^>    i          Executrix 
—  -°  —  °  va^    Extraordinary-ily 
Efficient 

.            i                 Efficiency        [geon 
^—  \    y>  —  (-  —  Phvsician  and  Sur- 
/    »              Thousand 

(          t                These 
.5.  b    _y__  This 
*     Those 

o.    /-^>               Reason 
/^TS~N    Almost 
Most  of  the  time 
Mistake 
^8  —  /"-fe-^         Mistaken 

Up  stairs 
YJ      \/    Possess 

Observe 

V/°     \>2-V~s_D  Observance 
a          o                 Observation  [gages 

Bonds  and  mort- 

V-^                V       Bondsman 

^       b         °       Advertise 

Advertised 
Advertisement 
*~*        °\      <h>     Advertiser 

Testament 

Testify 
k          b     <K^  Testified 
Testimony 

•          .           i     December 

<J-\       A          h    Destruction 
4,       /      Discharge-d 

/Disadvantage 
1         1,   Administer 

^~e  —  Mistook 

/•^    -^bv     Misgovern 
<^~~lr^>  /     Mr. 
Mrs. 
^5      ^-^n             blisses 

Mention 

v_p      v^    Mentioned 
s~®  Influence 
Influenced 

^p              v_f      Influences 
_.  ^-^       l^    Next,  Commenced 
Inconsiderate  " 

^.A^              v_p  Insignificant 

<^\       o      Administrate 

Administrative 
[sf^       1  ^*—\/£i  Administration 

o           i        i      Administrator 

.          i       Administratrix 
..i  „.  J  —  _2_2  Discover-ed-y 

*~°                       Discontinue-d 

•           i        J      Disconnect-ed 
}r—>      <J~'    <*^5  Disorganize 

Institute 

v^j      M?     v_o    Institution 
Inconsistent 
Instead 

Next  day 
-S-p_...  ^~o  —  v_o^v  \ext  week 
Next  time 

Disorganized 

1  ,        i         •      Disorganization 
Jl_5_   J—  ?    J-^-1  Discriminate-d 
Discrimination 

52                                   CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD  FORMS. 

VD    Next  month 
-s^a.  .  .  .  .sy.  .  .  .    a   Next  year 
Indispensible-y 

Y         Y       vo    Interest 
1     A    Interested 

f.           \        IN    Brother  in  law 
•-\-  8       -A-  Remembrance 
0  Brethren 

n                      0    Transient 
•-J  1    Internal-ly 
tf                         Truth 

n         o     True 
-1  J         ^     Eternal-ly-ity 
V-  Controversy 

o          "1          n     Trustworthy 
/t      _J^-__.    b    Transform-ed 
V                    V.  Transfer-red 
n         H/      i     Treasure-r 

Anticipate 

vj?                         Anticipation 
V>        T        j    Understood 
Understand 

vj                   -^  Notwithstanding 
_*-£.    v-0  —  e     Q^  Intersection 

Western 

-y-     ->.          ^    Westerly 
J"~^      cf    Once  more 
\>  Once  or  twice 

R-HOOK. 

'X       <\                 Appear,  Proper 

Contract,  Tried 

Trade,  Tract,  To- 
.-„  -1--  Attract            [ward 
10   Attraction 

)         n               Dear 
.:_  1     ...  I  _  Doctor 

x    Practice 
cv                           Practiced 

'    During,  Dark 

1         1                Drink 
J          1     Drunk 

«  —     *\   Practicable-y 
^       Perhaps,  Propose 
\      \                Probable-y-ity 
\     \              Profit 
<\                          Particular,  Pride 
<\                Opportunity,Pretty 

^     Drank,  Darken 

<•»                          Direction 
ro    —  -T  1     Duration 
Direct,  Day  or  two 

XI,     Darkens,  Darkness 
X-  Derive 
Derivative 

y         y     Charity 
-v,  /        f^>    Adjourn-ed 
Adjournment 

^      Jury,  Larger,  Junior 
-1.  .J.  </      Juryman 
'         t~^       \     Jurisprudence 

2        c  —             Jurisdiction 
cf                    c  —  Decree 

^      Proud 
Project-ed 
*\     *\      %     Projection 
/      ^        /     Privilege 
r.       Person 
%.     c\_        ^     Personal-ly    [fessor 
C          "  Perfect-ed-ly,  Pro- 
Proof,  Prove 
<\       c.         %    Approve-al 
•-\5  Perfection 
Proficient-cy 
c\    J    *\       <\      Comprehend-ed 

*                          Care,  Occur 

c  c  —  ^>  Accrue,  Car,  Cure 
Correct 

[Principal-ly 
c\         CN      Apprehend-ed 
ex           V         d     Comprehension 
i                    """  Comprehensive-ly, 
[Appearance 
j,        ^\  /-  Apprehensive-ly 
5V.  \p  .y...  Preponderance 
Properly 

<\  /    «\  J>  t\       Preserve 
X         y       lA    Preservation 
Preservative 

^                           Liberty 
>          \        <\     Member,Remember 
"^""Brother,  Number 

Corrective 

c  ?  c  o  <r—f  Correction 
/  Corrector 

Chris  tian-ity 

Character 
c  c  °^  —  ^  Characterize 
Characterized 

,__  Characteristic 
=  —  °  —  c  —  o  Occurrence           [to 
Decreed,  According 

,.  —  Occurred 
e~     _  Accrued 
Degree,  Agree 

COKTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.                                    53 

_-  Agricnlture-al 
c—t  —    tr-    f*     Great  deal 
Great  while 

/       s>  Grand  jury 
<a^  «—  "^    Greater 
Greater  than 

r          n         n       Frequency 
.^?....    \>               Furnish-ed 

<5  i             <i^e.  Near,  Nor 

In  relation  to 
<;  -  ^    <z^*    In  order  to 

In  reference  to 

"^.J?    <^_j?   c_-<   In  respect  to 
N        \i       \  In  respect  of 
In  reply 

t^^s            <^_f?  In  writing 

Frequent-ly 
p          n      Furniture 

^x        ..Sl__V.      OviT 

l                        Every,  very 

n         f>      Verdict 
S.          Vo       VQ    Converse 
Conversed 

Conversation 
\f>   Q.._  Avert 
S-        V>   Averse 

„           n          „      Everybody 
v_.       v^^   C     Everything 
^  Everywhere 

(?         (L     Authorize 
^         u         p     Authorized 

North  and  South 

<^     'z~^f     ^r  Northern 
\i        Q         y  Northeast 
Northeastern 

c^^y^  ^-^v  ^-^  Northwesterly 
U  —  Northwestern 
Longer 
•^       ^  •    _     Without  regard  to 

One  or  two 

cv     ex       ex       Work 
^-^    V-ja  Workman 

'    Workmanship 

<^\s  S>     f  Workmanlike 

Authorization 

C           C         f     Authority 
Authoritative 

Either 

f         ('          f     Other 
V          3            _  Otherwise 

Year  or  two 

L-IIOOK. 

\       p                 Comply 
\        ^.       Compel,  People 

Either  one 

f         C         f     Other  one 
\j    5  ^      Either  way 

Other  way 

C           -,          (    On  either  hand 
C                 On  the  other  hand 

\     Apply 
p         „                Completion 
\>       V      <?      Complication 
"  V  Application 

7                Applicable-y-ity 
<J          o        r      Compliance 

With  regard  to 

)C         C        C    With  relation  to 
--—  _L-  -X.  With  reference  to 
'  With  respect  to 

)              As  regards 
..„  -    '        y    Measure 
Measured 

/^->  Lawyer 
t         6       Learned 
Learned 

/      ox.     Lord 
6            1     Railroad 

^    Appliance 

-                          Plaintiff       [Plenty 
«         ^               Complaint-ed, 

^     Applicant 

s          c          p     Belong-ed 
V         \               Believe-d 

Build-ing,  Built 

c               Able  to 
t          \-       c     Obligation 
~~TT  Blank 

0     Balance 
^         t        J      Balanced 
o         »              At  length 

n         n         n     At  all,  It  will 
U_p      J)      At  all  events 
At  least 

Error 
cr—  N      cr-      <^~y  Remark,  Mere 

Merchant 

<T~y    <^~>  <r^—  Merchandise 
6       i    Mercantile 
Mortgage-d 

54                                    CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS. 

r          r>         P    Deliver-ed-y 
1          J         J     Deliverance 

a;         cv     Extravagant-ce-ly 
.q  '          I     Instruct 
Instructive 
<v          <y    .     Q     Instruction 
»          ^        I     Instrument-al-ly 
Consider-able-y 

q         <¥         *     Consideration 
*          1          *     Inconsiderable-y 
Inconsideration 
o;        o         °~0  Unconsidered 

Delinquent 

;x>      />    Diligent 
/  _  Children 
Child 
/5      r,      Challenge-d 
./?....  '      L  —     Angel 
Angelic 

c  Largely 
XL  c  Equal,  Call,  Kill 
'                           Claim        Coal 
^__D    <^=  Clerk,  Cool 
Equalize 

Descriptive 
o—  e                  _,  Description 

Equalized 
r  Q  c  c  3  Equalization 
Collect 

Prescriptive 
Prescription 

o  —  e              °    I   Secure 

Collective 
c  Q  c  —  _,  t_^  Collection 
(p  Collector 

1    Security 
a  —    d—  e             Inscribe 
3    I    Inscription 

Qualification 
t.                         Guilt-y,  Gild 
«-      «  —  o  Neglect,  Gold 
Negligence 

Negligent 
c-,                 0      Afflict 
Ni     Affliction 

P         p           .-    Philanthropy-ic 
i»___5S__±_.     Voluntary 

1    Insecurity 
F-HOOK. 

V      \     \         Poverty       [to  have 
JJ  —   \i     V_JP  Perform-ed,  Hope 
Performance 
kl          i       Develope-d 
—  \-  I      Deform-ed-ity 
Difficult-y 
/                Advice,  Advise-d 
I  S.  —  s     Objective-ly 
Govern 

Government 
—  s^>    ^    ^    Refer 
Referred 

N-HOOK. 

\                  V       Pennsylvania 
o     —  V  .?...._  Punish-ed-ment 
o               Combine 

^         \                Combined 
-V—  -  Combination 

*      Bank 

Banker 
\._  V.......V...  Bankable 
^         ^       \     Bankrupt 

I                 Bankruptcy 
.V....    d     i.  At  once 
a       But  once 
i          I       Contention 
*          «k     ..  J..  .  Tension 

Rely,  Real-ly 

j>  Rail,  Roll 
<XL_^£_«'XI    Rule 
Real  estate 

CIRCLE  AND  HOOK  COM- 
BINATIONS. 

<\       \,    Superflcial-ly 
^VjX  —  N^>  Experiment-ed 
Surprise 

°\        a      ov         Express 

Superintend-ent 
\«         °^     Expression 
—    Ys"  Suppression 
Experience 

%cl                (3 
>,         ^    Experienced 

Inexperienced 
«        <5       Explain 
Explained 
Explanation 
Q        •            P      Ext  ernal-ly,  strength 
]>     Extra 
/      Stranger 

Denominate-d 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.                                    55 

J 

I           /    Denomination 
(/>               Condensation 

<^>    -n^.     Universe-al-ity 
../?-  Behind 
V                      Behindhand 

LARGE  HOOKS. 

r          r      c_      Bewilder-ed 
>         1    Dwell-ing 

«/ 

Religion 

.  General-ly 
..y  —  tf    Imagine-ary,  June 
Generalize 

.    •     /   Generalized 
°f        <*.  Generalization 
Generation 

Gentlemen 

Quarter-ed 

C_o  C-o     Question-ed 

- 

Imagined 
—  a    Connect-ed 

Acquiesced 
c  n      c^             Acquisition 

Continue-d 
—  D    —  •    Continual-ly 
Continuous 

Acquaint-ance 

s      |          ,        Railway 
C/        VJ       Vs     Familiar-ly-ity 
Familiarize-d 

G—  3    Family 
Themselves 

-« 

Continuously 
—  ^    -fe  Continuation 
.          Const  itute-d 

Constitution 

Constable 
Account 

Commission-ed 
•f^                    Commissioner 

WS 

~~"~\  Accountable-y 

Begin,  Organ 
.  T>            Begun,  Again 

T     Memoranda 
•^"5     ^~y    vE?     Minimum 

rf 

~>  Began 
—  o     —  «=  Beginner 
Organize 

Nomination 
TION-HOOK. 

V       \                 Occupation 
V  —  \-  Compassion 
V     Passion 
V>      .                   Opposition 
p  ._A  -  Position 
fS    Possession 

I          1           a     Attention 
,t        <O       <6       Decision 

Organized 

,       i         Organic        [graphy 
vs    v>—  "  Forgotten,  Phono- 

c 

Financial-ly 
(,            _  Within 

r^  With  interest 

^ 

Reference 
Men 
^~s             Man 

^-X-s 

^  Human 
->*-$           Meantime 

Situation 
/.                Objection 
ff      Q    Justification 

1 

Woman 

Mental-ly 
-^_^  ^_^     Maintain 
Maintained 

.  ?              Maintenance 
=->_?.._  Any  one.   Opinion 
No  one 

None 
^••2   _.s.._  Lengthen 
*V.  Unitorm-ed-ity 

Accession 

v          i        Accusation 
>g       ^2     Formation 

Conviction 

,,                     Recollection 
^**         Q-           Resolution 
~°"  Examination 
v  _     .  r,   Institution 
?    Information 

Incision 

STENOTYPY. 


Stenotypy  is  the  indication  of  stenographic  outlines  by  the  use 
of  ordinary  types,  in  accordance  with  the  following  rules  : 

1.  The  stems  Chay,  Ith,  Dhe,  Ish,  Zhe,  and  Ing,  are  indicated  by  the 
Roman  letters  Ch,  Th,  Dh,  Sh,  Zh,  and  Ng,  respectively.    All  other  stems, 
except  upstrokes,  are  indicated  by  Roman  capitals. 

2.  Lay,  Ray,  and  Shay,  are  indicated  by  the  Italic  letters,  i,  JJ,  and  >S7i. 

3.  Small  Roman  letters  (except  g  and  h,  used  as  above  stated)  indicate 
the  sounds  represented  by  circles,  loops,  hooks,  etc.,  and  the  halving  and 
lengthening  principles ;  as,  sist  =  solaced ;  sills  =  stories ;   Pfitr  =  porter ; 
sPssn  =  supposition;  PrtKsn  = protection;  Frtr= further;  NVntr  =  ini'e?i<or. 

4.  The  P-tick,  T-tick,  etc.,  are  indicated  by  small  Italic  letters  corres- 
ponding with  the  stems  they  resemble ;  as,  pM=I  may.    Semi-circles  are  in- 
dicated by  the  small  Italics  w  and  y ;  as,  ~Fww  =  for  we  were.    The  prefixes 
Con,  Com,  and  the  affix  Ing,  are  indicated  by  small  Italics ;  as,  eonTr1Bt>ig= 
contributing. 

5.  Stems  between  which  a  hyphen  occurs,  should  be  disjoined ;  as, 
D-B  =  debility. 

6.  An  inverted  period  (•)  indicates  that  the  vowel  should  be  inserted; 
as,  B'  =  obey. 

7.  A  cross  (+)  indicates  that  the  stems  should  be  intersected. 

8.  A  superior  figure  indicates  the  position  of  the  stem  after  which  it 
is  placed;  as   Bd'MG^bojid  and  mortgage;  Grt»isn=  congratulation.     If 
no  figure  is  used,  the  word  is  written  in  the  second  position. 

ILLUSTRATIONS    OF    STENOTYPY. 


Ch        / 

Psns    N^ 

SP8              ^ 

Pss      NO 

Pn       N^ 
Pns     N^ 
Pnsn    V 

stT       P 
Tts       b 
Trt       1 

Fltr          0 
Fndr        V 

\0 

p^[3         

/ 

Sh         J 

Psss     NO 

Pnst    N^ 

Tit        r 

Th         ( 
Dh         ( 

^ 

Pst       \ 
Pstr     \j 

Pnstr  ^ 

TW    r 

Ty       1 

Tnt      J 
Tnts    d 
Tft       t 

£&W               S 

Sh>> 

RK    "^  

Pr 

Ttr       J 

Tfts      b 

Tir             ~\ 

RTL    /~ 

Fr 

Ttrs      d 

sTrt     1 

Ncfi         ^> 

LK     C_ 

sPr      °\ 

Ttrn     d 

stRt     °* 

wD-           \- 

ZK    f~ 

stPr     \ 

Tm        b 

sTlt      P 

^K 

FSA  v_y 

PI         \ 

Tins       b 

stTt     p 

Kln-L       c-^c 

sp    \ 

sPl       \ 

pf     X 

Tmn      b 
Tt          1 

Ftr      V 
Ftrs   VT^ 

com  Busn1.^... 
R&Png     /^ 

Psn      \ 

Pfs       \ 

sTt        P 

Frthr  ^. 

R&V  +  Dh  A, 

(See  Exercises,  p.  115.) 

REFERENCE  LIST  OF  CONTRACTIONS, 

WORD-FORMS  AND   DERIVATIVES. 

OTLookfor  the  primitive  word.    For  explanation  of  outlines  marked  with  a  star,  see  tick 

for  In,  En,  and  Un,  in  the  Optional  Expedients. 

Advice-se-d  Dv* 

Approved    Prvd3 

Advisement    Ds3Mnt 

Approbation    P^Bsn 

Abstract   Bs'Trt 

Advisory    Ds3R 
Affect  Ft» 

Approximate-ly  Pr'Bus 
Approximation    Pr'Ksn 

Abstracted    Bs3Trtr 
Abstraction    Bs3Trsn    . 

Affected    FtcTi3 
Affecting    Ft3Ng 

Argue-ment  R3G 
Argued    R3Gd 

Accept  sPt» 

Affection    F3Ksn 

Arkansas  RKn 

Acceptable-y   sPt3Bl 
Acceptance    sPt3-Ns 
Acceptation   sPten3 
Accident-al-ly   sDnt' 
According  (to)    Krd1 
Accorded    Krdc/t1 
Accordingly    KrdL 
Accordance    Krd'Ns 

Account   K»Nt 
Accounted    K3Xtch 
Accountant    Kut3Nt 
Accountable-y     KXtB3  or 

Accurate   Krts      IKntB3 

Affectionate    F^KsNt 
Afflict  Fit3 
Affliction    Fisn3 
Afflictive    Flt3V 

Afterward  F3Wrd 
Agree  Grl 

Agreeable-y    GrBl 
Agreed    Grd1 
Agreement    GHMnt 
Aggregate  GrGT3 

Aggregation    Gi^Gsn 

Agriculture  GrKl 

Agriculturist    GrKlst 

Arrange  RnJ 

Arranged    Rnjd 
Arrangement    RJInt 
Article  RtKl 
Articulate  RtKlt 

Articulated    .RtKlTd 
Articulation    A'tKlsn 

Ascribe-d  SJKr 
Ascription    S'Krsn 
As  far  as  83Fs 
Assemble-d-y  SM 
Assert  Srt  or  SRt 

Accuracy    KrS3 

Alarm  L'Rm 

Assertion    Srsn  or  SRsn 

Accurately    KrtL3 

Acknowledge   KJ 

Alarmed    L3Rmd 
Alarming    I^Rmn 

Assign  Sn1 
Assigned    Snd1 

Acknowledged    KJd 
Acknowledgment    KJMnt 
Acquaint-ance   Kwnt 

Alleviate  LlVt 
Alleviation    i'Vsn 
Altitude  _LtTD 

Assignment    S'Mnt 
Associate  SS?it 
Associated    SSftTd 

Acquainted    Kwntp 
Acquaintances    Kwnts 

Acquire   KwR1 

Altogether  bG1 
Antagonize-ed  Nt'G 

Association    SShsn 
Assume  S3M 
Assumed    S3Md 

Acquired    KwRd1 
Acquisition    Kwssn' 

Acquit   Kwt1 

Acquittal    KwtL 

Antagonist    NtsGst 
Antagonism    Nt3GsM 
Antagonistic    Nt3GsK 
Anterior  NT3RR 

Assumption    83Msn 

Assure  Shr3 
Assured    Shrd3 
Assurer    Shr^R 

Acquittance    Kwt'Ns 

Anticipate  NtsPt 

Assurance    Shr'Ns 

Actual-ly   KtaL 
Actuality    Kt2Lt 
Actuate   KtT3 

Anticipation    NtsPsn 
Anticipatory    NtsPtR 
Anybody  NBd» 

Astonish-ed  St'N 

Astonishingly    St'NL 
Astonishment    St'Mnt 

Actuated    KtTd3 

Anyhow    Np1 

At  all  events  TlvNts 

Adjourn   Jr 
Adjournment   JrMnt 
Administer   Ds3  K 
Administered    Ds3Rd 
Administrate    l>s3Bt 
Administration    Ds3Rsn 
Administrative    Ds3Rv 
Administrator    DtfBtr 

Any  one    Nn1 
Any  other    Nj'1 
Anything  N'Ng 
Any  way    NIC' 
Appear  Pr1 
Appearance    Prns1 
Appeared    Prd1 
Appertain  PaBtN 

At  any  rate    TNrt 
At  last   Tist 
At  least    Tlst 
At  length    Tin 
At  once    Tns 
Atmosphere  TsFr 
Atmospherical-ly    TsFrKl 
Attachment  ChaMnt 

Administratrix    Ds3Ks 

Appurtenance    P2iJtNNs 

Attend  Tnd 

Adulterate   DltRt 

Adulterated    DltOTd 
Adulteration    Dlttfsn 
Adulterer    DltRr 
Adulterous    DltKs 
Adultery    DltR 

Advance  Dv'Xs 

Advanced    Dv3Nst 
Advancement    Dv3NsNt 
Advantageous  J'S 

Advantageously    J3SL 
Disadvantage    DsJ 

Appurtenant    P2i?tNnt 
Apply  Pl» 
Appliance    Plus3 
Applied    Pld3 
Applicable-ity    P13K 
Applicant    Pint3 
Application    Plsn3 

Apportion  P3Bsn 
Apportioned    P3.Rsnd 
Apportionment    P3BsnNt 
Appreciate  Pr'Sht 

Appreciation    Pr'Shsn 

Attendance    TndNs 
Attention    Tsn 
Attract  Trt3 
Attraction   Trsn3 
Attractive-ly    Trv3 
Audacious  D3S/is 
Audacity    Ds3T 
Auspicious-ly  S'P 
Inauspicious    NS'P 
Authentic-ity  Thnt1 
Authority  Thrt1 

Advertise  Tsl 

Apprehend  Prn$ 

Authoritative-ly    Thrt'Tv 

Advertised    Tst1 

Apprehension    Prnsn3 

Authorize  Thrs1 

Advertiser    Ts'R 

Apprehensive    Prns3 

Authorized    Thrst1 

Advertisement    Ts'Mnt 

Approve-al  Prv1 

Authorization    Thrssn1 

57 

58           CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 

Averse  Vrs* 

Rebuilt-d    JJBld 

Civility    BVJiT 

Aversion    Vrsn* 

Burdensome  BrdsM 

Incivility    nsVl^T 

Avert    Vrt3 

Burden  of  proof    BrdPrf 

Uncivil-ly   nsVl1 

Avoid  VJD 

But  once  Tns3 

Claim  Kl 

Avoidance    V'Dns 

By  virtue  of  B»Vr 

Claimed    Kid 
Disclaim-ed    DsKl 

Unaware    NWr3 

c 

Disclaimer    DsKlMr 
Reclaim    .RK1M 

Awe  d1 

Reclaimed    A'KlMd 

Awed    -D1 
Awing    dlng 
AwfuJ-ly    dFi' 

Cabinet  KB3 
Calculate  Kl3Klt 

Reclamation    RKIJtsn 
Unclaimed    NK1 

r"lovt    TT1S 

Awsome    d'sM 
Awestruck    dsTrZK 

Calculable    K1K1B13 
Calculation    Kl'Klsn 

v^lClJi.     JV1 

Clerical-ly    K1/JK1 

Miscalculate    Ms3KIKH 
Miscalculation    Ms'KlKlsn 

Co.  Clerk    K  -Kl 

Collateral-ly  Klt'Bl 

California  K1F 

Coll.  circumst'ces  Klts3Tnss 

Balance  Bins3 
Balanced    Blnst3 

Candidate  KNdDt* 
Capable-y  KB1 

Coll.  evidence    Klt3Vd 
Coll.  security    Klts'Krt 
Color  K.LT 

Balancing    Blnsn3 

Capability    KBlt 

Colored    K-Lrd 

Bank  Bn» 
Bankable    Bn3B 
Banked    Bn3Kt 
Banker    Bn3R 
Bank  note    Bn'Nt 
Bank  stock    Bs:iK 
Bankrupt    Bn'Pt 
Bankruptcy    Bn3S 
Baptist  BP 
Baptism    BPsM 

Incapable-y    NKB1 
Incapability    NKBlt 

Casual-ly  KZh 
Casualty    KZhT 
Category-ical-ly  Kt'Gr 
Catholic  KTh 
Catholicism    KThsM 
Roman  Catholic    JJKTh 
Certain  sBtN  or  &Rt 

Colorable-y    KXrBI 

Combine  Bn1 
Combined    End' 
Combination    Ensn1 

Commence  Ns 
Commenced    Nst 
Commencement    NfNt 

Commercial-ly  KJMr 
Commoner  K]-R 

Became,  Become  BK 

Becomingly    BKL 

Begin  Gn1 

Certainly    sRtNl 
Certainty    sfitNT  or  eRt 
Certify-icate  sRtF 
Certified    sBtFd 

Commonest    Kst1 
Common  law    K'L 
Commonly    K'L 
Uncommon    N'K 

Beginner   Gn'R 
Began    Gn3 
Begun    Gn 

Behave  BV 
Behavior   BVR 
Belief-ve-d  Bl 
Believer   BlvR 

Certification    sBtFsn 
Certif.  of  stock    sRtFst 
Challenge  Chi3 
Ch.  by  plaintiff   Chl3Plnt 
Ch.  by  people   Chl3Pl 
Ch.  by  defendant    Chl'D 
Ch.  for  cause    Chl3Ks 

Communicate  N3Kt 

Communicated    N3KTd 
Communicative    N3Kv 
Communication    N3Ksn 
Community  NT3 
Compare  PR 

Believable    B1B1 
Disbelieve    DsBl 
Unbelief   NBlornBl* 

Ch.  for  imp.  bias    Chl3MB 
Ch.  overruled    Chl'Vrd 
Ch.  sustained    Ohlss3Tnd 

Compared    PRd 
Comparative    Prt3V 
Comparatively    Prtm 

Belong-ed  Bl1 

Belongings    Bl'-s 

Beneficent-ly-ial  BnF 
Benefit  BnFt 

Benefaction    BnFsn 
Benefactor    BnFKtr 

Benevolent-ce  BNV 
Bill  of  sale  Bis1!, 

Ch.  peremptorily    Chl'Pr 
Per.  challenge    PrChl 
Changed  Chd 

Changeable-y    ChBl 
Changeableness    Ch^Bls3 
Exchange-d    KsCh 
Unchanged    NChd 
Unchangeable-y    NChBl 
Interchange-d    Nt-Ch 

Comparison    Prsn3 

Compass  comPs3 

Compassed    coinPst3 

Compel  PI 

Compelled    Pld 
Compulsion    PLsu 

Compensate  PnSt 
Compensated    PnStr 
Compensation    Pnssn 

Bills  of  sale    Blss'L 
BUI  of  exchange    Bls'Ch 
Bill  of  particulars    Bl'Prts 
Bishop-ric  BSto 
Birth  BRTh  [BrdDrtRs 

Interchangeable-y  Nt-ChBl 

Charged  Chd3 

Chargeable-y    Ch3Bl 
Discharge    DsCh 
Discharged    DsChd 

Competence  PTns 
Competency    PTnS 
Competent    PTnt 
Incompetence    N-Tns 
Incompetent    N-Tnt 

Board  of  directors 

Board  of  trade    BrdTrd 

Overcharge    Vr'Ch 
Uncharged    NChd3 

Complaint-ed   Pint 

Complainant    PluNt 

Bond  &  mortg.  Bd'MG 

Bonds  &  mo*-tg's.  Bds'MGs 

Child  Chid1 
Childhood    Chld'Hd 

Complete  Pit1 

Completed    Pl'Td 

Bond  &  warrant    Bnd'Wnt 

Children    Chi 

Completion    Plsn1 

Bondholder    Bd'Ldr 

Chill  Chi1 

Complicate  PIKt 

Bondsman    Bds^Mn 

Chilled    Chid" 

Complication    Plsn 

Bondsmen    lids'Jln' 

Breath  BrTh 

Christian-ity  KrsCh 
Christianize    KrsChns 

Comply  PI" 
Complied    Pld1 

Brilliant  Brint 

Brilliancy    BrinS 

Brother  Br* 

Christianized    KrsChnst 
ChristianizationKrsChnssn 

Circulate  sJ?Klt 

Compliance    Pins' 
Compliant    Pint1 

Comprehend  Prn1 

Brother  in  law    B^Nl 

Circulation    RRKlsn 

Comprehension    Prnsn1 

Brethren    Brn3 

Built-d-ing  Bid1 
Builder    Bld'R 

Circular    &.RK1R 

Circumscribe  sRsKB 
Civil  sVl1 

Comprehensive-ly    Prns1 
Incomprehensible-y-ity 
Concede  sD1       IN-Prns' 

CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES.           59 

Concession    Ssn 

Contraction    Trsn1 

Endanger    NDJr 

Concentrate  sXTrt 

Contradict  TrdKt 

De  bene  esse  DBnS 

Concentration    sNTrsn 

Contradicted    TrdKTd 

Decease  DJSs 

Concern  sRn 

Contradiction    TrdKsn 

Deceased    D'Sst 

Concerned    sRnd 

Contrive  Trv1 

Deceive  Ds'V 

Concerning    sRnNg 

Contrived    Trvd1 

Deceived    Ds]Vd 

Conclude  Kid" 

Contrivance    Trv]Ns 

Deception    Ds!P8n 

Concluded    KIDd3 

Controvert  TrVrt 

Deceptive    Ds1PtV 

Conclusion    Klsn3 

Controverted    TrVrtcA 

December  DsM 

Conclusive    KlsY3 

Controversy    TrVr 

Declare  DK1 

Concourse  KnlKs 
Condemn  Dm 

Controversial-ly    TrVrsL 
Converse  Vrs 

Declared    DKld 
Declaration    DKlsn 

Condemnation    DmNsn 

Conversed    Vrst 

Declarative    DKlv 

Condense  Dns 
Condensed    Dnst 

Conversant   VrsNt 
Conversation    Vrssn 

Decline  D'Kln 
Declined    D'Klnd 

Condensation    Dnssn 

Convert  Vrt 

Declination    D^KlNsn 

Conduct  DKt 
Conducted    DKTd 

Converted    VrtcA 
Conversion    Vrsn 

Declension    DKlnsn 
Decree  Kr1 

Conductor    DKtr 

Convict  Vtl 

Decreed    Krd1 

Misconduct    Ms-DKt 

Congratulate  Grtsl/t 

Congratulation    Grt3Z.sn 

Connect-ed  Kn 
Connection    Knsn 
Disconnect    DsKn 

Convicted    Vtcft1 
Conviction    Vsn1 
Unconvicted    N-Vtcft 
Co-operate  KPrt1 
Co-operation    KPrsn1 
Correct  Kr>K 

Dedicate  DDKt 
Dedicated    DDKTd 
Dedication    DDKsn 
Deduct  DdKt 
Deducted    DdKTd 
Deduction    DdKsn 

Disconnection    DsKnsn 

Corrected    KrKTd1 

Default  DlFlt 

Unconnected    NKn 
Connecticut  KNtKt 
Conscience  Shns 

Correction    Kr'Ksn 
Correctness   Kr'KNs 
Corrective    Kr'Kv 
Corrector   Kr'Ktr 

Defaulter   D]Fltr 
Defalcation    D'FlKsn 
Defend  DfNd 

Conscientious    ShNShs 
Consequence  sKns1 
Consequences   sKnss1 
Consequently    sKnt1 
Consequential-ly    sKn1 
Consider-able-y  sDr 
Considered   sDrd 
Consideration    sDrsn 
In-consideration    nsDrsn 
Considerate    sDRt 
Inconsiderate    NsDRt 
Unconsidered    nsDrd 
Constant  sTnt1 

Constantly    sTntL1 

Constituent  stTnt1 
Constituency    stTnS 
Constitute-d  Knst1 

Constitution    Knstn1 
Constitutional-ly    Knstn  L1 
Constitutionality  KnstnLt' 

Correspond  KrsPnd1 
Corresponded    KrsPndcft1 
Correspondence  KrsPnd'Ns 
Correspondent  KrsPnd'Nt 
Counsel-oil  KnsL3 
Counseled    KnsLd3 
Counselor    KnsZiSR 
Common  council    K!KsL 
Cover  KvR 
Covered    KvBd 
Coverture    KvRtr 
Uncovered    NKvJJd 
Crime  Krm1 
Crimlnal-ly-Ity-ate  Krmn1 
Crimination    Krmsn1 
Recriminate    RKrm 
Criticize  Krts'Z 
Criticized    Krts'Zd 
Criticism    Krtss'M 
Cultivate  KltVt 

Defended    DfNdcfc 
Defendant    D 
Deft,  company    DtK 
Deft,  corporation    DtKr 
Defensive    DfNbV 
Defender    DfNdr 
Deficient-cy-ly  DfSh 
Define  Df'N 
Defined    Df'Nd 
Definite    DPNt 
Definition    DfNsn 
Definitive    DfNtV 
Indefinite    NDf2^ 
Undefined    NDf'Nd 
Degrade  DGrd 
Degradation    DGrdsn 
Deject-ed  DJt 
Dejection    DJsn 
Deleterious  Dlt».Rs 
Deliberate  DIBrt 

Construct  sTrt 

Cultivated    KltVtcA 

Deliberation    DIBrsn 

Constructed    sTrtr 

Cultivation    KItVsn 

Delicate  DIKt 

Construction    sTrsii 

Cultivator   KltVtr 

Delicacy    D1KS 

ConBtructive-ly    sTrv 
Contaminate  TmsNt 

Cure  Kr1 
Cured    Krd3 

Delight  Dlti 
Delighted    Dltr1 

Contamination    Tm3Nsn 

Curable    KrBl3 

Delightful-ly    Dlt!Fl 

Contend  Tnd1 

Curative    KrtV3 

Delinquent  Din1 

Contention    Tnsn1 

Incurable-y    NKrBl3 

Delinquency    Dln'S 

Contiguous  T"G 

Custom  KsM 

Deliver-ed-y  Dl 

Contiguity    T'GT 

Customer-ary    KsSLB 

Deliverance    Dins 

Contingent-ly-cy  TnJ 

Accustom    Ks3M 

Deliverer    D1R 

Continue-d  Kn1 

Accustomed    Ks:!Md 

Redeliver-y    J?D1 

Continual-ly    KnL1 

Undelivered    ND1  or  nDl* 

Continues-ous-ance    Kns1 

D 

Demonstrate  DMnsTt 

Continuation    Knsn1 

Demonstrated    DMnsTtr 

Continuously    KnsL1 

Dark  Dr3 

Demonstration    DMnsTsn 

Discontinue    Ds'Kn 

Darken    Drn3 

Demonstrative    DMhsTv 

Discontinuation    Ds'Knsn 

Darkness    Drns3 

Demoralize  DMflls 

Contract  Trt1 

Darker    D^Kr 

Demoralized    DMRlst 

Contracted    Trtr1 

Danger  DJr 

Demoralization    DM/.'lsn 

Contractile    Trt'L 

Danpers-ous    DJrs 

Denominate-d  Dn1 

Contractility    Trt'Lt 

Dangerously    DJrsL 

Denomination    Dngn1 

60            CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 

Denounce  DnXs3 

Discord  Ds'Krd 

Drank    Drn3 

Denounced    DnNst3 
Denunciation    DnNssn 

Discordant    Ds'KrdNt 
Discordance    Ds'KrdNs 

Drunk    Drn 
Drunkard  DrnRd 

Derange  DrNJ 
Deranged    DrNJd 
Derangement    DrNJMnt 

Derive  Drv1 
Derived    Drvd1         [Drvn1 

Discreet  Ds'Krt 
Discretion    Ds'Ki-sn 
Indiscreet    NDs'Krt 
Indiscretion    NDs'Krsn 
Discriminate-d  DsKrn 

Drunken    DrnN 
Drunkenness    DrnNg 

During  Drs 
Duration    Drsn8 
Dwell-ing  Dw 

Derivation    Drv'Sftn  or 

Discrimination   DsKmsn 

Dwelt    DwLt 

Derivative    Drvt'V 
Derogate-atory  DrGt 

Derogation    DrGsn 

Indiscriminate    NDsKm 

Disease  Ds'Z 
Diseased    Ds'Zd 

Dweller    DwR 
Dwelling  house    DwS 

Dyspepsia  DsPP 

Depart  DPrt 

Dispel  Ds'PL 

Departed    DPrtr 

Dispelled    Ds'PLd 

Department   DPrtMnt 
Describe  sKr1 

Dispense  DsPns 
Dispensed    DsPnst 

Earnest  .RNst 

Described    eKrd1 
Description    sKrsn1 

Dispensation    DsPnssn 
Display  DsPl 

Earnestly    JJNsL 

East  and  west  St'Wst 

Descriptive   sKrv1 
Indeacribable-v    Nds'KBl 
Undescribed    Nds'KBd 
Deserve  Ds7?v 

Deserved    Dsfivd 
Undeserved    NDsfivd 

Designate-d  DsG 
Designation    DsGsn 

Displayed    DsPld 
Dissolve  Ds-Lv 

Dissolution    Dstsn 

Distinct-ly  DstNgt 

Distinction    Dstn 
Contradistinction  Dstn1 
Distinctive    DstNgtV 
Indistinct-ly    NDstNgt 

Easterly    St'Z, 
Eastern    St'Bn 
East'ii  &west'n  St'Wstrn 

Eccentric  KsNtrK 

Eccentricity    KsNtreT 

Economy  Kn'M 
Economical-ly    Kn'MKl 
Economist    Kn'Mst 

Destitute  DsTtw 
Destitution    DstSftn 
Destroy  Ds'Tr 
Destroyed    Ds'Trd 
Destruction    DsTrsn 

Distinguish-ed  Dst 

Distinguishable    DstB 
Contradistinguish-ed    Dst1 
Undistinguished    NDst 
Distort  DsTm 

Editor  DtR 

Editorial-lv    DtRL 

Educate  DKt 
Educated    DKTd 
Education    DKsn 

Destructive    DsTrv 

Distorted    DsTRTd 

Efifect  Ft 

Destructible   DsTrtBl 

Distortion    DsTKsn 

Effected    Fte/t 

Detach  DtCh 

Distract  Ds3Trt 

Effective    FtV 

Detached    DtCht 

Distracted    Ds3Trtr 

Effectual-ly    FtL 

Detachment    DtChMnt 

Distraction    Ds^Trsn 

Effectuate    FtYt 

Detail  Dt'L 

Distribute  DsTrBt 

Efficient  FsXt 

Detailed    Dt'Ld 

Distribution    DsTrBsn 

Efficiency    FsNS 

Detect  Dt-Kt 

District  DsTrt 

Efficiently    FsNtL 

Detection    Dt-Ksn 
Detective    Dt-KtV 

District  attorney    DsTrN 
District  court    DsKrt 

Either  Dhr1 
Either  one    Dhrn1 

Determine  DTrn 

Determined    DTrnd 

Dist.  of  Columbia    DsKl 

Disturb  DstrB 

Either  way    Dhrw;' 

Elaborate  L3Brt 

Determinate    DTrmNt 

Disturbance    DstrBns 

Elaborately    L3BrtL 

Determination    DTrnsn 

Disturbed    DstrBd 

Elaboration    L3Brsn 

Predetermine    PrDTrn 

Disturber    DstrBR 

Electric  LK 

Undetermined    NDTrnd 

Diverse  DVrs 

Electrical-ly  LK1 

Detract  D'Trt 
Detraction    D3Trsn 
Develop  DvP 
Developed    DvPt 
Developmerit    DvPMnt 
Undeveloped    NDvPt 
Differ-ed-ent-ence  D1 
Differences    Ds1 
Differential-ly    D'Frn 
Differentiate   D'FrnS/tt 
Indifference-t   NDf 

Diversify    DVrsF 
Diversion    DVrsn 
Diversity    DVrsT 

Divest  DVst 

Divested    DVsTd 

Divide  DvD 
Divided    DvDd 
Division    Dvn' 
Subdivide    sBdVd 
Subdivided    sBdVdcfc 
Subdivision    sBdVsn 

Electricity    LK  or  LKsT 
Electric  car    LKKr 
Electric  current    LKKrNt 
Electric  light    LKLt 

Element-al  LMnt 

Elementary    LMntB 

Eloquence  LKwns 

Eloquent    LKwnt 

Emigrate  MGrt 

Emigration    MGrsn 

Eminence  MnNs- 

Dignify-ied-ty  DG 
Undignified    NDG 
Direct  Drt 
Directed    DrtT* 

Undivided    NDvDd 
Divine-lty  Vn1 

Divination    Dv'Nsn 

Doctrine-al  D^rn 

Eminent    MnNt 
Eminently    MnNtL 
Embankment  B3Mnt 
Emphatic-ally  MFt 

Directly    Drti 

Domestic  DMsK 

Endeavor  NDv 

Director    DrtR 

Dominate  Dm'Nt 

Endeavorer   NDvR 

Directory    DrtR 

Dominant    Dm'Nnt 

Endorse  NdRs 

Indirect    NDrtornDrt* 

Domination    Dm'Nsn 

Endorser    NdRsR 

Indirectly  NDrtLomDrtZ,* 

Downcast  Dn3Kst 

Endorsement    NdKsMnt 

Disappoint  Ds'Pnt 

Downhearted    Dn3Rtr 

Energy  NrJ 

Disappointment  Ds'PtMnt 

Downright    WRt 

Energetic    NrJtK 

Discover-ed-y  DsK 
Discoverable    DsKBl 

Downward    D3Wrd 

Drink  Drn1 

Engage-d  NG 

Engagement    NGMnt 

CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES.           61 

Re-engage-d    JJNG 

Exact  GsKtorsKt* 

Expressed    sPrst 

England  Xg'Lnd 
English    NglSh 
Enlarge  XJ3 
Enlarged    NJd3 

Exaction    GsKsn  or  sKsn3 

Exaggerate    sJrt 
Exaggeration    sjrsn 
Examine  sMn* 

Expression    sPrsn 
Expressive   sPrsV 
Extemporary  KsTPrB 
Extemporaneous  KsTPrNs 

Enlargement    NJ3Mnt 

Enormous  Nr'Ms 

Enormity    NrMT 

Examined    sMnd3 
Examination    sMsn3 
Examiner   eHn3R 

Extempore    KsTPr 
Extemporize    KsTPrs 

Extend  KsTnd 

Enroll  X.R1 

Cross-examine    Krs'Mn 

Extensible    KsTsB 

Enrolled    NJ21d 

Cross-examined    Krs'ilnd 

Extension    sTn 

Enrollment    N.R1M 

Entangle  Xt3XgGl 

Disentangle    DsXtNgGl 

Entertain  XtTn 

Entertained    NtTnd 
Entertainment    NtTnXt 

Enthusiasm  XThssM 

Enthusiast    NThssT 
Enthusiastic    XThssTK 

Entire  XtR 

Cross-examination    Krssn1 
Dlr.  examination    DrtaMsn 
Example  GsMPl 

Exemplify    GsMPlF 
Exemplified    GsMPlFd 
Exemplification  GsSIPlFsn 

Excel  KsL 
Excelled    KsLd 
Excellence    KsLus 
Eicellency    KsinS 
Excellent    Ksint 

Extensive    sTns 
Extort  KsTBt 
Extortion    KsTRsn 
Extortionate    KsTBsNt 
Extract  sTrt8 
Extracted    BTrtr1 
Extraction   eTrsn3 
Extreme-ly  sTr1 
Extremity   sTrmT 
Eyesight  'St» 

Entirely    NtRL 
Entirety    Nt'Rt 

Envelop  NVP 
Enveloped    NVPt 

Except  sPt 
Excepted    sPtcft 
Exception   sPsn 
Exceptionable-y    sPsB 

F 

Fail  FL 

Envelopment    NVPMnt 

Episcopal  PsK 
Episcopacy    PsKS 
Equal-ty  Kl1 

Equaled    Kid1 
Equalize    Kls1 

Exchange  KsCh 
Exchangeable-y    KsChBl 
Exclaim  sKl 
Exclaimed    sKld 
Exclamation    sKlsn 
Exclamatory    sKlMtB 

Failure    FLR 
False  Fls1 
Falsehood    Fls'Hd 
Falsify    Fls'F 
Falsification    FlsTsn 
Familiar-ly-ity  Fm 

Equalized    Klst1 
Equalization    Klssn1 

Equivalent  KwV 

Exclude  sKld* 
Excluded    sKIDd3 
Exclusion    sKlsn3 

Familiarize-d    Fms 
Unfamiliar-ly    NFm 
Farther  Ftr8 

Error  Rr 

Exclusive    sKlsV3 

Farthermore    FtrMr 

Erroneous    RrXs 
Erroneously    RrXsL 

Essence  SXs 

Executor-y  GBR 
Executrix    GaKs 
Exhibit  sBt1 

Farthermost    FtrMst 
Farthest    Ftrst3 

Fashioiiable-y  Fs8B 

Essential-ly    SN 

Exhibited    sBt<?h' 

Unfashionable-y    NFs3B 

Nonessential    KNSN 

Exhibition    sBsn' 

Fatal-ly  Ft'L 

Establish    StB 

Exhibitor    sBt'R 

Fatality    Ft'Lt 

Established    StBd 

Expand    sPnd8 

Father  in  law  FtrNl 

Establishment    StBMnt 

Expanded    BPndcfc3 

Favor  FvR 

Disestablish    DsStB 

Expanse-ive-ly    sPns3 

Favored   FvRd 

Di^establishme't  DsStBMnt 

Expansion    sPngn3 

Favorite    FvBt 

He-establish    -KStB 

Expect  sP* 

Favorable-y    FvB 

Esteem  St'M 

Expected    sP3Td 

Unfavorable-y    NFVB 

Esteemed    St'Md 

Expectation    sPsn3 

February  FB 

Estimable    StMBl 

Unexpected    NsP3 

Ferment  FrMnt 

Estimate  StMt 

Expedient  KsPDnt 

Fermented    FrMntp 

Estimation    StMsn 

Expediency    KsPDnS 

Fermentation    FrMntShn 

Eulogy  yL*J 

Expend-iture  KsPnd 

Fertile  FrtL 

Eulogistic    yMJstK 

Expended    KsPndch 

Fertility    FrtLt 

Europe  R*P 

European    .R3Pn 

Evangelist  VNJst 

Evangelical    VNJ 
Evangelization    VXJssn 

Evaporate  V'Prt 

Evaporation    V'Prsn 

Event  VXt 
Eventual-ly    VML 
Eventuate    VXtYt 

Every  Vr 
Everybody    VrBd 
Every  one    Vrn 
Everything    Vr>V 
Every  way    Vrtr 

Expense-ive-ly    sPns 
Inexpensive-ly    NsPns 
Experience  sPrns1 
Experienced    sPrnst1 
Experiencing   sPrnsn1 
Inexperience    nsPrns1 
Inexperienced    nsPrnst1 
Experiment-ed  sPr 

Experimental-ly    ePr-Mnt 

Expert  KsPrt 
Expertly    KsPrtL 
Expertness    KsPrt-Ns 

Explain  sPln 

Explained    sPlnd 
Explanation    sPlnsn 

Fidelity  F'Dlt 
Filial-ly  F1>L 

Unfilial-ly   NFI'LornFIL 

Final-ly  F'Nl 

Finality    F!Nlt 

Finance  FnX's 

Financial-ly    FnN 

Flexible-y  FlKsB 
Flexibility    FlKsBt 
Foreign  FJ?n 
Foreigner    FBnR 
Foretell  FT1 

Foretold    FTld 

Forever  Fv 

Everywhere    VrR 

Explanatory    ePlntfl 

Forever  and  ever    FVv 

Evident  VdXt 

Export  KsPBt 

Forgave,  Forgive  FG 

Evidently    VdXtL 

Exported    KsP/iTd 

Forgiven    FGn 

Evidence    VdorVdXs 

Express  sPrs 

Forge  FrJ 

62            CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 

Forged    FrJd 

Helpful    ZPforLPFl 

Forger    Frjr 

Helpless    LPLa 

Forgery    YiJR 
For  instance  FsTns 

Garden  GrdN 

Gardener    GrdNr 

Helpfulness   iPfNg 
Henceforth  Ns"F 

For  example   FsMPl 
Form-ed  F1 

General-ly-ity  Jn 

Here  R» 
Hereabout    R'Bt 

Formation    Fsn1 
Formal-ly    F'ML 
Formality    F'MLt 
Conform    conF1 
Conformed    conFd' 
Conformable-y    eonF'Bl 
Conformity    conF'T 
Deform-ed-ity    Df1 
Inform    NF 

Generalized    Jnst 
Generalization   Jn&sn 
Generate  JNrt 
Generation   Jnsn 
Degenerate    DJNrt 
Degeneration    DJiisn 
Regeneration    RJnea. 
Generous  JNrs 

Hereafter    R1-** 
Heretofore    Rt1Fr 
Hereat    R'-T2 
Hereby    R'B 
Herein    R'N 
Hereinafter    R'NF 
Hereinbefore    R'NB 
Hereinto    R'NT 
Hereof    Rv' 

Informed    NFd1 

Generously    JNrsL 

Hereon  Rn1 

Information    Nan1 

Glory  Gl 

Hereto  Rp1 

Informer    NF'Mr 

Glorify    G12F 

Hereunto  R1-NT 

Informal-ly    NF'ML 

Glorification    Gl2Fsn 

Herewith  Rto1 

Informality    NF'MLt 

Glorious    Gls 

Hereditary  HrdR1 

Malform    Ml'F 

Gloriously    Glsi 

Hereditament  Hrd'Mnt 

Malformed    Ml'Fd 

Govern  Gv 

Hesitate  ZTt 

Malformation    Ml'Fsn 

Governed    Gvd 

Hesitated    ZTtr 

Multiform    MitF 

Governable    Gv^B 

Hesitation    ZTsn 

Perform    Pf 

Government    GvMht 

Higher  c/iR1 

Performance    PfNs 
Performer    PfR 
Platform    Plt3F 
Reform    RF 
Reformed    JJFd 
Reformer    BFMr 
Reformation    RFsn 
Reformatory    K¥1R 
Transform    Trs'F 
Transformed    Trs'Fd 
Transformation    Trs'Fsn 
Transformer   Trs'FMr 
Uniform-ed-ly-ity    Yn'F 

Governmental    Gv-Mnt 
Governor    Gv  or  Gv2R 
Ungovernable-y    N2GvB 
Ungoverned    NGvd 
Grand  Grnd 
Grandfather    Grd2Ftr 
Grandmother    GrndMtr 
Granddaughter    Grd2Dtr 
Grandson    GrdsN 
Grant  Grnt'  (verb) 
Grant    Gr"Nt  (noun) 
Graduate  GrdT» 

Highest   chSt' 
History  St»jR 
Historic    St'/JK 
Hiatorical-ly    St'jeKl 
Historian    St'JZn 
Hitherto  Dhr'T 
Hold  Hid 
Holder    Hldr 
Behold    BHld 
Beholder    BHldr 
Uphold    PHld 
Withhold    Dh'Ld 

Former  F'Mr 

Formerly    F'M 

Forsake  FsK 
Forsaken    FsKn 
Forthwith  FThw 
Fortune  FBtN 

Graduated    GrdTd3 
Graduation    GrdShn3 

Gratify  GrtF3 

Gratification    GrtFsn3 
Gratitude    GrtTd3 
Great  Britain  GrtBrt* 
Gt.B.&  Ireland  GrtBrtiJlnd 

Home  chM. 
Horizontal-ly  chBsNtL 
Hospitable-y  S«PtBl 
Hospital  S»PtL 
Hospitality    8'PtLt 
Horticulture-al  Rt»Kl 

Fortunate    FfitNt 

Horticulturist   Rt'Klst 

Fortunately    FBtNtL 
Misfortune    MsF-RtN 
Unfortunate    NFBtNt 

H 

However  r'V 
Hypothesis-ses  P^hss 

Forward  FWrd 

Habeas  corpus  Bs'Kr 

Hypothetical-ly    P'Tht 

Foundation  Fnd3S7m 

Habit  Bt» 

Fragment-ary  Fr'G 
Frantic  Frnt'K 
Fraternal-ly  FrtrNl 
Fraternity    FrtrNT 
Fraud  Frd1 
Fraudulent-ly    Frd'int 
Defraud    D'Frd 
Defrauded    D'Frdcft 

Habited    B3Td 
Habitation    B3Tsn 
Habitual    Bt3L 
Habitually    Bt3i 
Habitude    B3Td 
Habituate    Bt3T 
Habituated    Bt8Td 
Cohabit    KBtf 
Inhabit    NBt3 

Idaho  D»H 
Identify  Dnt»F 
Identified    Dnt'Fd 
Identical-ly    rDt'Kl 
Identification    Dnt'Fun 

Ignore  G'Nr 

Frequent-ly  Frnt1 
Frequented  Frntr' 
Frequency    Frn1    [nFrnt'* 
Infrequent-ly    NFrnt'  or 
Unfrequented    NFrntr1  or 
Fugitive   F'Jt   InFrntr'* 
Furnish-ed  Frn 

Inhabitant    NB3Tnt 
Uninhabited    NNB3Td 
Harmony  RMN 

Harmonious    RMNs 

Hazard-ous  Z'Rd 
Health-y  Z/Th 
Healthful    LThf  or  LThFl 

Ignored    G'Nrd 
Ignorance    G'Nrni 
Ignorant    G'Nrnt 
Illustrate  I/sTrt 
Illustrated    isTrtr 
Illustration    LsTrsn 
Illustrative    ZsTrv 
Illustrious    XsTrs 

Furniture    FrntR 
Unfurnished    nFrn* 
Further  Frtr 

Healthily    Z/ThL 
Unhealthy    NITh 
Held  Hid 

Imagine  Jn8 
Imagined    Jnds 
Imaginable    Jn3B 

Furthermore    FrtrMr 

Beheld    BHld 

Imagination    Jnsn* 

Furthermost   FrtrMst 

Upheld    PHld 

Imaginative    Jnt3V 

Future  F»Chr 

Withheld    Dh'Ld 

Unlmagined    NJnd' 

Futurity    F2-T3 

Help  I/P 

Unimaglnable-y    NJn'B 

CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES.            63 

Unimaginative    NJnt'V 

Influenced    Nst1 

Intersected    NtsKTd 

Imbecile  MBsL 

Influencing    Ns'Ng 

Intersection    MtgKsn 

Imbecility    SIBsLt 

Influential-ly    NSW' 

Intervene  NtVn1 

Immigrate  M'MGrt 

Immigrated    MMGrTd' 
Immigration    M'MGrsn 

Uninfluenced    N'Nst 
Ingenious  NJNs 
Ingenuity    NJNT 

Intervened    NtVnd1 
Intervention    NtVNsn 
Intestate  NTsTt 

Imminent  MlMnNt 

Inherit  Nrt1 

Intimate  Nt»Mt 

Imminence    M!MnNB 

Inheritance    Nrt'Ns 

Intimated    Nt]Mtr 

Impart  MPrt3 
Impel  MP1 

Impelled    MPld 

Impulsion    MPlsn 

Import  MPrt 
Imported    MPrtr 

Disinherit    Ds'Nrt 
Inquire-y  N'Kr 

Inquired    N'Krd 

Inscribe  nsKr1 
Inscribed   nsKrd1 
Inscription    nsKrsn1 

Insert  NsBt 

Intimation    NTMsn 
Intimidate  NTmDt 
Intimidated    NTmDt  r 
Intimidation    NTmDsn 
Intoxicate  Nt^s 

Intoxicated    Nt'KsTd 
Intoxicant   Nt'KeKnt 

Importance  MPrts1 
Important    MPrt1 

Insertion    Ns/?sn 
Insist  NssTi 

Intoxication    Nt'Kssu 
Introduce  NtDs 

Unimportant    NMPrt1 

Improve  MPrv3 
Improved    MPrvd3 
Improvement    MPr3Mnt 

Insisted    NssTd1 
Insistent   KSc'Tnt 
In  so  far  as  NSFs 
Insolence  nsins1 

Introduced    NtDst 
Introduction    NtDan 
Introductive    KtDr 
Inventory  NVnt>fl 

Unimproved    N  MPrvd' 
Impregnate  MPrG 

Impregnation    MPrGnsn 

Inasmuch  NsCh* 
Incline  N^ln 

Insolent   nsint1 
Insomuch  NSMCh 
Instead  JSTsTd 
Institute  NsTtt/1 
Instituted    NsTtr' 

Inventoried    NVnt'/Jd 
Investigate  NVsGt 

Investigated    NVsGTd 
Investigation    NVsGsn 

Invite  NVt» 
Invited    NVtr/i1 

Inclination    N'Klnsn 
Incombustible  N-Bst 
Inconstant  N-sTnt1 
Inconstancy    N-sTn!S 
Include  NKld 

Institution    Nstn1 
Instruct  nsTrt 
Instructed    nsTrtr 
Instruction   nsTren 
Instructive    nsTrv 
Instructor   nsTrtP, 

Invitation    NVtsn1 
Involve  NV1 
Involved    NVd1 
Involution    NVsn1 
Inward  NWrd1 

Included    NKIDd 
Inclusion    NKlsn 
Inclusive    NKlsV3 

Instrument  nsTrMnt 
Instrumental-ly-itv 

Island  pLnd1  [NrdsTns 
In  words  or  substance 

Indebted  NdTd  [NdTNs 

Insulate  Nsl/t1  [nsTr-Mnt 

Indebtedness    NdTd-Xs  or 

Insulated    Nsitr1 

Indemnify  NDmF 
Indemnification    NDmFen 
Indemnity  NDm  [NdPnd 
Independence-  t-ly 
Indignant  Nd'G 
Indignation    Nd'Gnsn 
Indicate  NdKt 

Insulation    NsLen1 
Insuperable-y  nsPr'Bl 
Intelligence  NtJns 
Intelligent    NUnt 
Intelligible-y    NtJBl 
Intelligibility    NUBlt 
Intend  NtXd 

Intended    NtNdc/i 

January  JN 
Joint  st.comp'yJts'KK 
Joint  committee    Jt'K 
Judicial-ly  JdShl 
Judiciary    JdShfl 
Judicatory   JaKTfl 
Judicature    JdKtr 

Indication    NdKsn 

Intent  NtNt 

Judicious  JdShs 

Indicative    Nd2KtV 

Indict  NDt» 
Indicted    NDtr' 
Indictment    NDt'Mnt 
Indispensible-y  NdsPns 

Intention    NtNsn 
Intercept  NtrsPt 
Intercepted    NtrsPTd 
Interception    XtrsPsn 
Intercede  NtrsD 

Judiciously    JdShst 
Injudicious    NJdShs 
Injudiciously    NJdShsL 
June  Jn3 
Jurisdiction  JrsDsn 

Individual-ly  NdVd1 
Individuality    NdVd'Lt 

Interceded    NtrsDd1 
Intercession    Ntrssn1 

Jurisprudence  JrsP 
Jurv  Jr3 

Indulge  NdLJ 

Interest  NtsT 

Juror    Jr3R 

Indulgence    NdLJns 
Indulgent    NdLJnt 
Inevitable-y  NVTB1 
Infer  NfBornFr* 
Inferred    Nf  fid  or  nFrd* 

Interested    NteTd1 
Disinterested    DsNtsTd 
Interfere  NtFR 
Interfered    NtFfid 
Interference    NtFUns 

Grand  jury    Grd2J 
Gent,  of  the  jury    Jut  J 
Justice  of  the  peace  JsP 
Justify  JstF 
Justified    Jstfd 

Inferable-y    NfRBl  or 

Interior  NTB.R 

Justifiable-y    JstFBl 

[nFrBl» 
Inference  NfRnsornFrns* 
Inferential-ly    Nf  Rn  or 

Inferior  NFBr     [nFrn* 
Inferiority    NFfirt 
Infidel  NFd'L 
Infldelity    NFd'Lt 
Inflame  NFMornFlM* 

Internal-ly  Tr1 

Internal  revenue    Tr'fiV 

Interrogate  NtGt 

Interrogated    NtGTd 
Interrogation    NtGsn 
Interrogatory    Nt'G 
Interrogative    Nt'Gv 
Interrupt  NtPt 

Justification  JstFsn  or  Jsn 

K 

Kentucky  KntK 
Knowledge  NJ 
Keyboard  K»Brd 

Inflamed    NFMd 

Interrupted    NtPTd 

Kindle  KNdL 

Inflammation    NFMsn 

Interruption    NtPsn 

Kindred  KndRd1 

Influence  Nsl 

Intersect  NtsKt 

Klondike  Klnd^ 

64            CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 

T 

Mechanism    MKsM 

Mother  in  law  MtrNl 

Ju 

Medical-ly  MdKl 

Move  Mvs 

Landlord  J/nd'Rd 

Med.  treatment  MdTrtMnt 

Moved    Mvd3 

Largely  Jl* 

Medium  MdJM 

Movement    M3Mnt 

Larger    Jr3 
Largest   Jst* 

Melancholy  MinK 

Melancholia    MLnKL 

Movable.y    Mv3B 
Immovable-y    M3MvB 

(Large  and  Amount  must  not 
bejoined  in  a  phrase-sign.) 
Lateral-ly  it'jRl 
Latitude  J/t'Td 
Lawyer  X/rl 
Legal-ly  LGl 
Legality    £Glt 
Legalize    LQ\s 
Legalized    LGlst 
Illegal-ly    L1G1 
Illegality    LlGlt 

Memorandum  Mm 

Memoranda    Mm-D 

Mental-ly  Mnt 
Mentality    Mn^-T3 
Merciful-ly  MRsF 
Metaphor  MtFr 

Metaphorical-ly    MtFrKl 

Method  MThd 

Melhodical-ly    MThdKl 
Methodist    MThdst 
Methodism    MThsM 

Mobility    MBit 
Immobility    MMBIt 

Much  more  Ch'M 
Much  more  than    Ch3Mn 
Murder  MJRdr 

Murderous-ly    MBdrs 

Mutable-y  MtBl* 

Immutable    MMtBl3 

Mutual-ly  Mti» 

Mutuality    Mttt3 

Mystify  MstF 

Legislate-d-or-ture  J/J 
Legislation   LJsn 

Methodist  church  MThCh 
Mexico  MsK 

Mysflfied    MstFd' 
Mystification    MitFsu 

Legislative    ZJv 
Lengthy  Ng'Th 
Lengthen    Ngn 
Lengthwise    Ng^Ths 

Likewise  I^Kws 
Literal-ly  LVRl 
Literary  LVRR 
Literature    it'JJtr 

Michigan  MSh 
Microscope-y  MsKP 

Microscopical-ly    MsKPKl 
Microscopist    MsKPst 
Migrate  M^rt 
Migrated    MGrTd" 
Migration    M'Grsn 

Million  MJ/n1 

N 

Narrate  Nflrt" 

Narrated    NKr^Td 
Narration    NRrsn3 
Narrative    NRrt3V 
Natural-ly  NtRl» 

Little  LVL 

Millionaire    MLn'R 

Naturalist-izcd    NtRlst3 

Longer  Ngr1 

Longest    Nget1 

Looked  X/t* 
Look  like    L3LK 

Minimum  Mm1 
Minister-y  MnsT 
Ministered    MnsTd" 
Ministrate    MnsTf 
Ministration    MnsTsn 

Naturalization    NtA'lssii3 

Navigate  NVG 

Navigated    NVGTd 
Navigation    NVGsn 

Necessitate  NssTt 

Ministerial-ly    MnsTAl 

Neglect  Git 

Misdemeanor  MsD 

Neglected    GltcA 

Machine  MShn 
Machinery    MShfl 
Machinist    MShNst 

Mission  MShn1 
Missionary    MSh'fi 
Mistake  MsK 

Neglectful-ly    Glt:F 
Neglecting    GHXg 
Negligence    Gins 
Negligent    Glnt 

Magnet  MGNt 

Mistaken    MsKn 

Negligently    Glnt2-!.3 

Magnetic    MGNtK 

Mistakable-y    Ms2KBl 

Guilty  of  neglig'ce  Glt'Glns 

Magnetism    MGsM 

Malignant  M1«G 

Malignancy    MIGnS 

Mistook    MsK3 
Unmistakable-y  N2MsKBl 
Mitigate  Mt»Gt 

Negotiate  NGst 

Negotiated    NGsTd 
Negotiation    NGssn 

Malignantly    MlGZ1 
Manslaughter  MsZ/tr 
Manufacture-ed  MNF 

Manufactory    MNFt 

Mitigated    MtGTd' 
Mitigation    Mt'Gsn 
Unmitigated    N'MtGTd 

Moderate  Mdflt1 

Neutral-ly  NTr3!/ 
Neutrality    NTi  !/.t 
Neutral  ize    NTi  3Ls 
Neutralized    NTr'ist 

Manufacturer   MNFR 

Moderated    MdR'Td 

Neutralization    NTr3Lssn 

Massachusetts  MsCh 
Material-  ly  MtRl 
Materiality    Mt«lt 
Immaterial    MMtKl 

Moderation    MdJfsn1 
Immoderate    MMd/.t 
Immoderation    MMdfisn 
Modify  MdF 

Never  NV 
New  Ni/s 

Newly    N3i 
Newness    N3Ns 

Immateriality    MMtRlt 

Modified    MdFd1 

News    Ns3 

Mature  MtR»3 

Modification    MdFsn 

Moral-ly  MJ?!1 

Anew    'Nu3 
N.  Hampshire    NMShr3 

Maturity    Mt.R3T 
Immature    MMt/?3 

Morality    M^lt1 
Immoral    MMR11 

N.  Jersey    NJZ 
N.  Mexico    NMeK 

Immaturity    M\ItB3T 
Manuscript  MsKPt 
Measure  Zhr 
Measured    Zhrd 
Measurable-y    ZhrBl 
Measurement    ZhrMnt 

Immorality    MMRlt1 

Mortal-ly  MRt'L 
Mortality    M.Rt'Lt 
Immortal-ly    MMTItL 
Immortality    MMRtLt 
Mortgage  Mr'G 

N.  Orleans    NRlns 
New  York    NY 

Nomenclature  Nmn 
No,  sir  Ns  or  Ns.R 
North  and  south  NrsTh 
Northeastern    NrThstrn 

Meas.  of  damages  ZhrdMs 

Mortgaged    Mr'Gd 

Northerly    NrtrL 

Admeasure    DZhr 

Mortgagee    MrGJ 

Northern    NrDhn 

Admeasured    DZhrd 

Mortgagor    Mr'Gr 

N.  Carolina    NrKrLN 

Admeasurement  DZhrMnt 

Chat,  mortgage-d   Cht3MG 

N.  Dakota    NrDK 

Immeasurable-y  MMZhrB 

Mortify  Mflt'F 

Notify  NtF 

Unmeasured    NMZhrd 

Mortified    MRt'Fd 

Notified    NtFd' 

Mechanic-al  MKn 

Mortification    ttRt'Fsn 

Notification    NtFsn 

CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES.            65 

November  NV 

Paralysis    P3RIss 

Position  Pssn 

Number  Br* 

Partial-ly  Pr'Shl 

Positive-ly-ness  Pst1 

Numbered    Brd3 

Partiality    Pr'Shlt 

Possess  Pss3 

Numberless    BHLs 

Partake  P32itK 

Possessed    Pss3T 

Outnumbered    T3Brd 

Partaken    P3RtKn 

Possessor    Pss3R 

Unnumbered    NBrd3 

Particle  P«.RtKl 

Possession    Pssn3 

o 

Particular-ly-ity  Prt1 
Particulars-ize    Prts1 

Possessive    Pss3V 
Possible-y-ity  Ps1 

Particularized    Prtst1 

Impossible-ity    MPs1 

Objection  Jsn1 

Partner  PrtNr 

Postage  PsJ 

Objectionable-y    Js'Bl 
Objective-ly    Jv1 
Obj.  to,  as  before    Js'B 
Obligation  Blsn1 

Obligatory    Blt'R 

Observe  BsR 

Partnership    PrtNrSh 

Passenger  PsJr 
Patent-ed  Pt» 
Patentable    Pt3Bl 
Patentee    Pt3T 
Patent  right    Pt3Rt 

Postmaster  PsMstr 
Post  office  PsFs[Pr3KtBl 
Practicable-y  PrtsBlor 

Practicability  Prt3Blt 
Impracticable    MPrt3Bl 
Impracticability   MPrt3Blt 

Observed    BsRd 

Pattern  ft3Rn 

Practical-ly  Prt3Kl  or 

Observance    BsRns 
Observation    BsRsn 

Pecuniary-ily  P3Kn 
Pendente  lite  PndNtLt 

Practice  Pr3       [Pr3Kt 

Practiced    Prst3 

Observatory    BsRvtR 

Penitent  PnTnt 

Practices    Prs3 

Obstruct  BsTrt 
Obstructed    BsTrtr 

Penitential-ly    PnTn 
Penitentiary    PntNSh 

Malpractice    MlPr3 

Prejudice  PrJd 

Obstructer    BsTrtR 
Obstruction    BsTrsn 
Obstructive    BsTrv 

Occupied  Pd1 
Occupancy    Pn'S 
Occupant    Pnt1 
Occupation    Psn1 
Occur  Kr 
Occurred    Krd 
Occurrence    Krns 
October  KtBr 
Onward  rWrd1 
Oppose  Ps 

Pennsylvania  Pn 
Pension  Pnsn 
Pensioner    PnsnR 
Per  annum  P.RNm 

Per  cent    PRsXt 

Perfect-ly  Prf1 
Perfected    Prf1 
Perfection    Prfsn' 
Imperfect-ly    MPrf1 
Imperfection    MPrfsn1 
Permanent  PrMNNt 
Permanence    PrMNNs 
Permanency    PrMNNS 

Prejudiced    PrJdSt 
Prejudicial-Iy    PrJdSh 
Preliminary-ily  Pr^m 
Premium  PrMm 
Prepare  PrPr 
Prepared    PrPrd 
•     Preparation    PrPrsn 
Preparative    PrPrv 
Preserve  PrsR 
Preserved    PrsRvd 
Preserver    PrsRvR 
Preservative    PrsRtV 

Presbytery  PrsBtR 

Opposed    Pst  or  PsD 
Opposition    Pssn1 
Ordinary  Rd:Nr 

Persevere  PrsVR 

Perseverance    PrsVRns 
Person   Prsn 

Presbyterian    PrsBtRn 

Prima  facie  Prm'Sft 
Probate  PrB 

Ordinarily    Rd'NrL 
Extraordinary-ily    Kstr1 

Ornament-al  Bn1Mnt 

Personal-ly    PrsL 
Personify    Pi-sNF 
Personification    PrsNFsii 

Probation    PrBsn 
Probable-y-ity  PrB 

Improbable-ly-ity    MPrB 

Over  Vr1 

Personal  estate    PrsLs-t 

Produce  PrDs 

Overcome    Vr'K 
Overdone    Vr'Dn 
Overwhelm    Vr'Lm 
Overwhelmed    \7rILmd 
Overwork    Vr'Wr 
Overworked    Vr'Wrt 
Over  and  above    Vr'V 
Owe  da 

Perspective-ly  PrsP 
Perspicuous-ly  PR  sP 
Persuade  PrsWd 
Persuaded    PrsWdr 
Persuasion    PreWsu 
Persuasive    PrsWs 
Pertinent  PBtNnt 

Produced    PrDst 
Production    PrDsn 
Productive    PrDv 
Reproduce    RPrDa 
Reproduced    RPrDst 
Reproduction    RPrDsn 
Reproductive    RPrDv 
Unproductive    NPrDv 

Owed    '  D 

Phenomenon  FNmn 

Profit  Prft1 

Owing    d-ng 

Phenomena    FNm 

Profited    Prftr1 

Owes    rfs2  or  'Z 

Philadelphia  FldF 

Profitable-y    Prft'B 

Own  N3 

(When  Own  is  written  out 
of  position,  it    must  be 

Phys.  &  surgeon  FssJn 
Plaintiff  Pint1 

Plaintiff  company    Plnt'K 

Proficient-ly-cy  Prf  Sh 
Prominent-ly  Prm^nt 

Prominence    Prm'Nns 

voculizcd.) 

Pleasure  Zhr3 

Promulgate  PrMG- 

Owning    N3Ng 

Pleasurable-y    Zh^B 

Promulgation    PrMGsn 

Owner    Nr3 

Displeasure    DsZhr 

Proper  Pr1 

Owner's  risk    Nrs3K 

Plenty  Pint 

Properly    Pr'L 

Disown    UsN 

Plenteous    Pints 

Improper    MPi  ' 

Disowned    DsNd 

Plentiful-ly    PlntF 

Improperly    MPr'L 

Politic  Plt'K 

Propriety    PrPrT 

Political-ly    Plt'Kl 

Impropriety    MPrPi  T 

Politician    Plt'Shn 

Pronounce  PrnNs 

Parallel  P3J?1L 

Paralleled    P3RlLd 

Impolitic    MPlt'K 

Popular-ly-ity  PP 

Pronounced    PrnNst 
Pronunciation    Pi'nNsn 

Unparalleled    NP3RlLd 

Unpopular-ly-itv    NPP 

Proscribe  PrsKB 

Paralyze  P3Rls 

Portable-y  PRtBl 

Proscribed    PrsKBd 

Paralyzed    P3Rlst 

Portability    PRtBlt 

Proscription    PrsKPsn 

66           CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 

Prescriptive    PrsKPv 

Railway  stock    BwsK 

Relinquish-ed  Bin1 

Prospect  Prsipt 

Rattle  Rt'Z, 

Relluquishment    Bln'Mnt 

Prostitute  Pr^Tt 

Rattled    Rt3id 

Reluctance  BltNs 

Prostituted    Prs'Ttr 

Ratify  Bt'F 

Reluctant   BltNt 

Prostitution    Prs'Tsn 

Ratified    Bt3Fd 

Reluctantly    RltNtL 

Protect  PrtKt 

Ratification    JJt3Fsn 

Remain  RMn 

Protected    PrtKTd 

Real-ly  Bl1 

Remained    RMnd 

Protection    PrtKsn 

Reality    RIT 

Remainder    RMndr 

Protector    PrtKtr 

Realty    Ri'T 

Remainderman  RMndrMn 

Protectory    PrtKTR 

Real  estate    BlsTt 

Remark  Mr' 

Protective    PrtKtV 

Realize  Bis'1 

Remarked    Mrt' 

Protest  PrTst 

Realized    Rlst'1 

Remarkable-y    MrBl 

Protested    PrTsTd 

Realization    Rlssn'1 

Remember  Br 

Protestant    Prts'Tnt 

Reason  Rsn1 

Remembered    Brd 

Providence  Dnss 

Reasoned   /Js'Nd 

Remembrance    Brns 

Provident    Dnt3 

Reasonable-y    .Rs'B 

Disremember    DsBr 

Providently    Dnt3L 

Unreasonable-y    NrsB 

Misremember    MsBr 

Providential-ly    Dn'Sh 

Reconcile  R*-&Ll 

Remit  RJMt 

Improvident   MPrvDnt 

Reconciled   R^-sIA* 

Remitted    R'Mtr 

Prudential-ly  PrDn 

Reconciliation    R^-sLsn1 

Remitter    R'Mtr 

Proximate  Prs^It 

Recoverable-y  B3B1 

Remittance    R'MTns 

Proximately    Prs'MtL 

Irrecoverable-y    Rr3Bl 

Remittitur    R'MtTr 

Proximity    Prs'MT 

Recognize  B'-Ns1 

Remonstrate  RMnsTt 

Public  PB 

Recognized    B2-Nst' 

Remonstrated    RMnsTtr 

Publican    PBn 

Recognition   .RZ-Nsn1 

Remonstrance    RMnsTns 

Publicly    PBL 

Recollect-ed  R 

Renounce  Bn'Ns 

Republic    RFB 

Recollection   JRsn 

Renounced    Bn3Npt 

Republican    BPBn 

Misrecollect    Ms7i" 

Renunciation    BnNssn 

Republicanism    BPBsM 

Publish  PB 
Published    PBst 
Publication    PBsn 

Misrecollection    MsRsn 
Recommend  B-Nd 
Recommendation  R-Ndsn 
Recommended    R-Ndch 

Reprehend  BPrn 
Reprehensible-y    RPrnsB 
Reprehension    BPrnsn 
Reprehensive    BPrns 

Unpublished    NPB 
Republish-ed    .RPB 
Republlcation    RPBsn 
Punish-ed-ment  Pn> 
Punishes-ments    Pns3 
Put  forth  Pf» 
Put  off   P3F 

Redeem  RdlM 
Redeemed    Rd'Md 
Redeemer    Rd'Mr 
Redemption    Rd'Msn 

Reduce  RDs 

Reduced    RDst 
Reduction   BDsn 

Represent-ed  BP 
Representation    TJPsn 
Representative    JCPv 
Misrepresent-ed    MsRP 
Misrepresentation  MsBPsn 
Repugnant-cy  BPG 
Request  BKst 

Refer  Rf 

Requested    KKsTd 

Qualify  K1F 

Qualified    KlFdi 
Qualification    KlFsn 
Disqualify    DsKlF 
Disqualified    DsKlFd 
Disqualification    DsKlFsn 
Unqualified    NKlFd' 
Quality  KIT 
Qualitative    KltTv 
Quantity  Kwnt1 

Referred    Rtd 
Referable-y    RfB 
Referee   RfR 
Reference    JJns 
Regular-ly-ity  RG 

lrregular-ly-ity    RG 

Regulate  RGlt 

Regulated    .RGlTd 
Regulation    RGlsn 
Regulator    RGltr 

Relate  Bit 

Related    .RlTd 

Require  BKr 
Required    BKrd 
Requisition    BKssn 

Resemble-d  RsM 
Resemblance    RsMa 
Reserve-d  BsB 
Reservation    RsRsn 
Res  gestte  BsJsT 
Resignation  BsGnsn 
Resist  BssT 
Resisted    BssTd 

Quantitative    KwntTv 

Relation   .Rlsn 

Pesistance    BssTns 

Quarter-ed  Kwl 

Relative    flltV 

Irresistible-y    RssTBl 

Quarterly    Kwi' 
Headquarters    HdKws 

Question-ed  Kw 

Relator   Bltr 
Release  Bis* 

Released    Rlst,1 

Respect-ed  BsP 
Respectable-y    RsPBl 
Respectful-ly    RsPVl 

Queationable-y    Kw2B 
Questioner    Kw^R 
Unquestioned    NKw 
Unquestionable-y    N2KwB 

Relevant  BlVnt 
Relevancy    .RIVn 
Irrelevant    RXVnt 
Irrelevancy    RLVn 

Respective-ly    RaPr 
Irrespective-ly    RsPv 
Disrespect    DsBsP 
Disrespectful-ly    DsBsPFl 

Cross  question-ed    Krs'Kw 

Rely  Bl1 

Response-ible-y  BsPns 

Relied    Rid1 

Responsibility    BsPns 

Reliable  y    RVBl 
Reliability    Bl'Blt 

Responsive-ly    BsPsV 
Irresponsible-y-ity  RraPnt 

Railroad  Rr 

Reliance   Bins' 

Irre^ponsive-ly    RrePsV 

Railroad  accident   BrsDnt 

Unreliable    NJZl'Bl 

Restrict  Bs'Trt 

Railroad  station    .RrsTsn 

Unreliability    NBl'Blt 

Restricted    JJs'Trtr 

Railroad  stock    RrsK 

Religion  Jn* 

Restriction    .Rs'Trsn 

Railway  Rw 

Religious    Js1 

Restrictive    Rs'Trv 

Railway  accident  UwsDnt 

Irreligion    Br'Jn 

Resurrect  BsKt 

Railway  station    .RwsTsu 

Irreligious    Br'Js 

Resurrected    BsKTd 

CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES.           67 

Resurrection    /i.-Ksn 
Resurrectionist    .RsKsNst 

Similar-ity  sM» 

Similarly    sML 

Insubordination    nsBrdsn1 
Subscribe-d-er  sB1 

Retain  .RtN 

Dissimilar-ity    DssM 

Subscription    sBsn1 

Retained    fitNd 

Single  sNg1 

Subsequent-ly  sBsKnt 

Retention    .KtNsn 

Singly    sKgL 

Sufficient  sFsXt 

Retake  .RtK 

Sineular-ly    sNgZr 

Sufficiently    sFsNtL 

Retaken    HtKn 

binjularity    sNgirt' 

Sufficiency    sFsXS 

Retire  Rt'R 

Sister  in  law  Sstrn'i 

Insufficient    NsFsNt 

Retired    Rt'Rd 

Situate-d  sCh1 

Insufficiency    NsFaNS 

Retirement    Rt'RMnt 

Situation    BO'hsn1 

Suggest  sJ 

Retract  fi'Trt 

Skill  sKl1 

Suggested    sJd  or  sJ 

Retracted    fiTrtr 

Skilled    sKld' 

Suggestion    sjsn  or  ej 

Retraction    .R'Trsn 

Skilful-ly    sKlF 

Suggestive-ly   sJv 

Retrospect  RtfisP 

Retrospection    RtBsPsn 

Social-ly  sShl 
Socialist   sShlst 

Subserve  sBsB 

Subserved    sBsAvd 

Retrospective-ly    Rt/isPv 

Socialism    sShlsM 

Subservient   sBsBVnt 

Return  RtRn 

Socialistic    sShlsK 

Substantiate  sBsTnSht 

Returned    Rtfind 

So  far  as  SFs 

Substantial-ly  sBsTn 

Returnable-y    RtRnB 

Solvent  sZ/Vnt 

Substitute  sBsTt 

Revolve-d-r  B»V 

Solvency   siVn 

Substituted    sBsTtr 

Revolution    .R3Vsn 

Insolvent   nsi'Vnt 

Substitution    sBsTsn 

Right  angle  Bt'Gl 

Insolvency    nsL'Vn 
Somebody  sM'Bd 

Supei-flcial-ly  sPrf'STi 
Superinduce  sPrnsDs 

s 

San  Francisco  sNssK 
Satisfy-ied  sTs« 

Some  one    sMn 
Some  other   sMtr 
Something   ?MNg 
Some  of  the  time    BUM 
Sometime   sMm 

Superinduced    sPrn3Dst 
Superior  sP'Br 

Superiority    sP'.ffrt 

Superstructure  sPrs'Tr 

Satisfies   sTss3 
Satisfaction    sTssn3 
Satisfactorily    sTe3/, 
Satisfactory    sTs3^ 
Unsatisfactory    NsTs3^? 
Unsatisfactorily    XsTvU. 
Dissatisfy-ied    DssTs3 
Dissatisfaction    DssTssn 

Science  S'Ns 
Scientific    S'NtF 
Scripture  sKr1 
Scriptural   sKrL 
Season  Ssn1 
Seasoned    Ssnd1 
Seasonable-y    Ss'B 
Secure  sKr3 
Secured    sKrd3 
Securely    sKr't 
Security    sKrT1 
Insecure    nsKr3 
Insecurity    nsKrT* 

Southeastern   sThstrn3 
Southerly    Stri 
Southern    sDhn 
Southwestern    sWstrn' 
South  Carolina    sKrLN 
South  Dakota    SDK 

Speak  sP1 
Speaker   sP'R 
Speakable    sP'Bl 
Bespeak    Bs'P 
Unspeakable-y    NsP'Bl 
Special-ly  sP 
Specialty   sPShlt 
Specify  sPsF 
Specified    sPsFd 
Specification    sPsFsn         - 
Speech  sP1 
Spirit  sPrt1 
Spirited   sPrtr1 
Spiritual-ly    sPrt'i 

Sup.proceed'gs  sPlsDns 
Supreme  sPr1 
Supremely   sPr'L 
Suspend  ssPnd 
Suspended    ssPndcA 
Suspense  sePns 
Suspension  ssPnsn 
Swear  sR 

Swore    «W 
Sworn    sWn 
Sympathy  sMTb 

Sympathize    sMThs 
Sympathized    sMThst 
Sympathetic    sMTht 
Sympathetically   sMThtKl 
Synonymous-ly  8Nnl 
System  ssT 
Systematic    ssTMt 
Systematize    ssTMts 
Systematized    ssTMtst 

Seclude  sKld> 

Secluded    sKIDd' 

Spiritualism    sPrte-M 
Spirituality    sPrt'Z/t 

T 

Seclusion    sKIsn3 

Secretary  sKrt'B 

Spoke  sP 
Spoken    sPn 
Bespoken    BsPn 

Technical-ly  TK 
Technology    TKJ 

Sec.  of  the  navy    sKrtzNV 
Sec.  of  state    skrts-Tt 
Sec.  of  war    sKrtWr 

September  sPtM 
Serve  sRv 

Outspoken   Ts'Pn 
Unspoken    NsPn 
Spontaneous  sPnt^s 
Spontaniety    sPnt'NT 
Startle  stRt'i 

Telephone  TiFn 

Telephoned    TLFnd 
Telephonic    TiFnK 
Temper  TPr 
Tempered    TPrd 

Served   sRvA 
Servant    sffVnt 
Servile    8.RVL 
Servility    sKVLt 

Several  sV 
Severally    sVfil 
Severally    sV.Rlt 

Signify-ied  sG1 

Significance    BGns1 
Significancy    sGnS 
Signiflcant-ly    sGnt1 

Signification    BOnsn1 

Startled    stRt3Ld 
Startling    stRt-LNg 

Sterile  stRI/ 

Sterilize    stRLs 
Sterility   stRit 
Stockbroker  stKBr 
Stockholder   stKLdr 
Strength  sTror  sTrTh 

Strengthen    sTrThn 

Subordinate  sBrd1 
Subordinated    sBrdr' 

Temperance    TPrns 
Temperate    TPrt 
Temperature    TPrtB 
Temperament   TPrMnt 
Temporary  TPrRR 
Temporal-ly    TPrL 
Temporality    TPrLt 
Tenable  TNB1 
Tenement  TnMnt 
Terminate  TrmXt 

Terminated    TrmNtcft 

Insigniflcant-ly    Ns'Gnt 

Subordination   sBrdsn1 

Termination    TnnNsn 

Insignificance    Ns'Goa 

Insubordinate    nsBrd'              Tennessee   TnS 

68           CONTRACTIONS,  WORD-FORMS  AND  DERIVATIVES. 

Testament  TsMnt 

Transplanted    TrsPlntch. 

Vindicate  VndJKt 

Testamentary    TsMntR 
Testify  TsF 
Testified    TsFd 

Transverse  Trs'Vrs 
Trustworthy  TrsDh 
Truth  Tr 

Vindicated    Vnd[KTd 
Vindication    Vnd'Ksn 
Vindictive    Vnd'KtV 

Testimonial    TsMNL 
Testimony    TsMN 

Truth  ful-ly   Trf 
Truthfulness    TrfNs 

Virtual-ly  VrtL 
Vitiate  V^ht 

Direct  testimony    DrtsMN 

Untruthful-ly    NTrf  or 

Vitiated    V^hTd 

Thank  Th» 
Thanked    Tht3 
Thankful-ly   Thf3 
Thanksgiving    ThsSG 
Thanksgiving  day    Ths3D 

Typewriter  TBtr  [nTH* 
Typewriting    TUtNg 

u 

Vitiation    V'Shsn 
Vivavoce  V»V 
Vulgar  VIGr 
Vulgarity    VlGrt 

Thankworthy    Th3Dh 
Thenceforth  DhsF 
Thenceforward 
Theory  ThR  [DhsFWrd 
Theorize   Th.Rs 
Theorized    ThBst 
Theoretical-lv    ThBtKl 
Thereat  RT 

Ultimate  LtMt 

Ultimately    LtMtL 
Ultimatum    LtMtil 
Unanimous   Yn'NMs 
Unanimously   Yn'NMsZ. 
Unanimity    Yn3NM 

Unavoidable-y  NVd^l 
Under  Nd 

w 

Walk  wK1 
Crosswalk    Krs'K 
Sidewalk    sD'k 
Warehouse  Wrs* 
Warehouseman    WrssMn 
Warm  Wm1 

Thftrpafter    J&F3 

Underbid    Nd2Bd 

Warmed    Wmd1 

Thereby    Ii-Ij- 

Underbrush    Nd2BrSh 

Warmer    Wm'R 

Thereto    Rp 

Undercurrent    NdKrNt 

Warmest    Wm'St 

Theretofore   JJtF 

Underdo    Nd2D 

Waterworks  WtJWs 

Therewith    Rw 

Underdid    Nd2Dd 

West  Wst 

Thousand  Ths* 

Thousandth    Ths3Th 

Throughout  Thr»T 
Thursday  ThrsD 
Today  paD 
Tomorrow  jsM/J 

Undergo    NdG 
Undergrowth    Nd2GrTh 
Underhand    NdrNd 
Undermine    Nd-Mn 
Undermost   Nd-Mst 
Underneath    Nd2NDh 
Underrate   NdVRT 

Westerly    WsZ, 
Western    Wstrn 
Westernmost    WsMst 
Westward    WsWd 

Wholly  L*L 
Well  (noun)  wL 

Tolerate  Tl'flt 
Tolerated   Tl'BTd 
Tolerable-y    Tl'BBl 
Tolerance    Tl'Bns 
Tolerant   Tl'Bnt 

Undertake   NdK 
Undertaken    NdKn 
Undertook    Nd2! 
Underwrite   NdrRt 
(.Make  a  slight  angle  between 

Will  (noun)  w-L1 
Goodwill    Gd^wL 
111  will    £ii»L 

Whereabout  RBt 
Whereas    Rs 

Toleration    ll'fisn 

Ndr  and  R.) 

Whereby    RB 

Intolerance    nTl'Bns* 

Underwritten    Ndr2BtN 

Wherefore    RFr 

Intolerant   nTl'Rnt* 

Underwriter    Ndr2fitr 

Wherein    RN 

Torment  Tr'Mnt 

Undersigned    NdsNd 

Whereof    Rf 

Tormented    Tr'Mntp 

Unless  Nls 

Whereon    Rn 

Tormentor    Tr'Mntr 

Until  NtL 

Wherever    Rv 

Torn,  Turn  TRn 
Tort  T>.Rt 

Up  stairs  Pstrs 
Utah  j/T> 

Wherewith    Rw 
Anywhere   NR 
Elsewhere    /.sR 

Tortious    Tr'STis 

Everywhere    VrR 

Tortuous   T'BtYs 

Nowhere    N2R 

Townsman  Ts'Mn 

Somewhere    sJPR 

Townsmen    T»3Mn- 

Vacate  VKT 

Wisdom  Zd"M 

Trademark  TrdM 

Vacancy    VKnS 

Withdraw  DhJDr 

Transact  Trs'Kt 

Vacant   VKNt 

Withdrawn    Dh'Drn 

Transaction    Trnssn3 

Value  Vl» 

Withstand    Dhs'Tnd 

Transcribe  TrsKB 

Valued    Vld' 

Withstood    Dhs'Td 

Transcribed    TrsKBd 

Valuable   V13B1 

World  Bid 

Transcript   TrsKPt 
Transcription   TrsKPsn 

Valuation    Vlsn3 
Vanish  Vn3S/i 

Worldly    JZldL 
Worldllness    JZldLNs 

Transition  Trnssn1 

Vary  VB 

Unworldly    NRIdL 

Transfer  TrsF 

Varied    VJJd 

Writing  Bt'Ng 

Transferable    TrsFBl 

Variable-y    VRB1 

Written    JZt'N 

Transferred  TrsFd  or  TrsF 
Transferree    TrsFfi 

Variation    VRsn 
Various    VRs 

In  writing    Nrt'Xfc 
Handwriting    Nrt'Ng 

Transference    TrsFrns 

Invariable-y    NVRB1 

Transform  TrslF 

Verse  VBs 

Y 

Transformable    Trs'FBl 

Versed    VRst 

Transformation    Trs'Fsn 

Version    V'JJsn 

Yesterday  YstrD 

Transformed    Trs'Fd 

Inverse    NVRs 

Translate  Trsl/t 

Inversion    NVRsn 

Yes,  it  is    Ysts 

Translated    TrsZ.tr 

Vice  versa  Vs:V 

Yes  or  no    YsN 

Translation    TrsLsn 

Transparent-cy  Trs'P 

Vicissitude  Vss'Td 
Violate  VIA, 

Younger  Yr 
Youngeet    Ynt 

Transplant  TrsPliit 

Violation    VLsn 

Youngster    Y§tr 

SIMILAR   WORDS  DISTINGUISHED. 

Apostle,  Ps»L 
Epistle,  Ps'J/ 

Attainable,  TnB 
Tenable,  TNB1 

Volitibn,  V^Lsn 
Violation,  VJ/sn 

Postal,  PsL 

Patient,  PShnt 
Compassionate,  PsNt 

Contractor,  TrtJR 
Trader,  TrdR 
Traitor,  Trtr 

Evolution,  V3isn 
Convulsion,  Vlsn 
Valuation,  Vlsn3 

Passionate,  Ps3Nt 

Territory,  TrtR 

Voluble,  VPB1 

Opposition,  Pssn1 
Position.  Pssn 

Train,  Trn 
Turn,  TRn 

Valuable,  VI3  Bl 
Available,  VI/B1 

Possession,  Pssn3 

Vocation,  VKsn 

Apposition,  'Pssn3 

Daughter,  Dtr1 
Debtor.  Dtr 

Avocatioc,  V3K8n 

Pertain,  PBtN 

Auditor,  Dt'R 

Eastern,  Historian, 

Appertain,  P3.RtN 

Auditory,  DVR 

Astern,  StHn       [St'Rn 

Puritan,  P'BTn 

Editor.  DtR 

Stearine,  stBn1 

Preparation,  PrPrsn 
Appropriation,  Pr3Prsn 

Doubter,  DtsR 
Dietary.  DJTB 

Stern,  stRn 
Con-strain,  sTrn 
Citron  sT1JRn 

Proportion,  PrPBsn 

Dilation,  D'isn  [DZ/sn 

Saturn,  sT3J?n 

Prediction,  Prt'Ksn 
Protection,  PrtKsn 
Production  PrDsn 

Delusion.  Dilution, 
Adulation,  D3Z/sn 

Deceased,  DSst 

Altitude,  itTD 
Latitude,  it3Td 

Predication,  PrDKsn 

Diseased,  DsZd 

Alcohol,  LKL 

Alkali   LKJJ 

Prosecute,  Prs^t 

Domination,  Dm1Nsn 

Persecute,  PfisKt 

Condemnation,  DmNsn 

Writer,  Rtr» 

Prompt,  Prmt1 
Permit,  PrlMt 
Promote,  PrMt 

Damnation,  Dm3Nsn 
Diminution,  D^iNsn 
Dimension,  DMNsn 
Admonition,  DMnShn 

Reader,  RDr 
Orator,  RtaR 
Oratory,  Rt1!? 
Oratorio,  HtaB' 

Proximate,  Prs'Mt 

Derision,  Drsn1 

Rioter,  R^TR 

Approximate,  Pr'Ks 

Direction,  Drsn 

Radiant,  RDnt 

Prominent,  Prm!Xnt 
Preeminent,  Pr'MnNt 

Duration,  Drsn3 
Adoration,  D3Esn 

Ardent,  R3Dot 
Hardened,  cftRd3Nd 

Permanent,  PrMNNt 

Causation,  Kssn1 

In  fact,  N  !Ft 

Paramount,  Pr3Mnt 

Accession,  Kssn 

In  effect,  XFt 

Accusation,  Kssn3 

Spirit,  sPrt1 

Indication,  Nd  Ksn 

Separate,  sPrt 

Extension,  sTn 

Induction.  NDsn 

Support,  Sport,  aPRt 

Extenuation,  KsTXsn 

Intoxication,  Xt1Kssn 

Special-ly,  sP 
Especial  -ly,  SP 

Collision,  Klsn1 
Coalition,  Kl/sn 

Invasion,  NVsn 
Innovation,  XXVsn 

Beautify,  Bt3F 
Beatify,  BTF 

Business,  Bss1 

Collusion,  Kl/sn* 

Credence,  KrDns 
Accordance,  Kr^Ns 

Indicted,  N'Dtr 
Indebted,  NdTt 
Undated,  NDtr 
Undoubted,  X3Dtr 

Baseness,  BsXs 
Absence,  Bs3Xs 

Garden,  GrdN 
Guardian,  GrDn3 

Undefined,  NDf>Nd 
Indefinite,  XDfXt 

Abundant,  BndNt 
Abandoned,  'Bn3Dnd 

Favored,  FfRd 
Favorite,  Ffflt 

Ingenious,  NJNs 
Ingenuous,  NJNYs 

Birth,  BRTh 

Physical,  FsJKl 

Unavoidable,  XVd'Bl 

Breath,  BrTh                       Fiscal,  Fs»KL 

Inevitable,  NVTBl 

69 

POSITIVE  AND   NEGATIVE   WORDS. 

Advisable,  Dv'B 
Inadvisable,  NDv'B 

Dignified,  DG 
Undignified,  NDG 

Prudent,  Pr3Dnt 
Imprudent,  MPr3Dnt 

Appear,  Pr1 

Efficient,  FsNt 

Pure,  I*R 

Disappear,  DsJPr 

Inefficient,  NFsNt 

Impure,  MP3R 

Artificial,  Rt2FsL 

Elegant,  LGnt 

Qualified,  KlFd' 

Inartificial,  Nrt2FsL 

Inelegant,  NLGnt 

Disqualified,  Ds1KlFd 

Balanced,  Blnst* 

Glorious,  Gls,  or  GlBs 

Unqualified,  NKlFdi 

Unbalanced,  NBlnst» 

Inglorious,  NGls,  or 

Questioned,  Kw 

Broken,  BrKn 

[NGlJRs 

Unquestioned,  NKw 

Unbroken,  NBrKn 

Important,  MPrt1 

Rational,  RsnL 

Ceremonious,  sRMNs 

Unimportant,  NMPrt1 

Irrational,  UsL 

Unceremonious, 

Legal.  £G1 

Redeemed,  Rd'Md 

[nsRMNs 

Illegal,  DG1 

Unredeemed,  NRd'Md 

Changeable,  ChBl 

Legitimate,  iJtMt 

Reduced,  B3Dst 

Unchangeable,  NChBl 

Illegitimate,  ilJtMt 

Unreduced,  NrDst8 

Civil,  sVli 

Liberal,  L~BrL 

Regular,  RG 

Uncivil,  nsVl1 

Illiberal,  UBrL 

Irregular,  RG 

Comfort,  Frt 

Logical,  iJKl 

Relevant,  UlVnt 

Discomfort,  Ds-Frt 

Illogical,  ilJKl 

Irrelevant,  RiVnt 

Competent,  P'Tnt 

Material,  MtRl 

Respective,  .RsPv 

Incompetent,  N-Tnt 

Immaterial,  MMtRl 

Irrespective,  RsPv 

Complete,  Pit1 

Mature,  MtR3 

Responsible,  JfsPns 

Incomplete,  N-Plt1 

Immature,  MMtR3 

Irresponsible,  BrsPns 

Conscious,  Shs 

Mortal,  MRt'L 

Resolute,  RsLt 

Unconscious,  N-Shs 

Immortal,  MMB^L 

Irresolute,  RsLt 

Conceive,  sV1 

Noxious,  NKShs 

Satisfied,  sTs3 

Misconceive,  Ms-sV1 

Innoxious,  NNKShs 

Dissatisfied,  Dss2Ts 

Connect,  Kn2 

Numbered,  Brd3 

Unsatisfied,  NsTs3 

Disconnect,  DsKn2 

Unnumbered,  NBrd3 

Significant,  sGnt1 

Considered,  sDrd 
Unconsidered,  nsDrd 

Considerable,  sDr 
Inconsiderable,  nsDr 
Considerate,  sDBt 

Organic,  GnK1 
Inorganic,  NGnK1 

Organized,  Gnst1 
Disorganized,  Ds1Gnst 
Unorganized,  NGnst1 

Insignificant,  Na'Gnt 

Similar,  sM1 
Dissimilar,  Dss'M 

Solvent  sLVnt 
Insolvent  nsL'Vnt 

Inconsiderate,  NsDRt 
> 
Continue,  Kn1 

Partial,  Pr3Shl 
Impartial,  MPr3Shl 

Spoken,  sPn 
Unspoken,  NsPn 

Discontinue,  DslKn 

Consistent,  ssTnt1 
Inconsistent,  NssTnt1 
Defined,  Df'Nd 
Undefined,  NDf'Nd 

Perfect,  Prf  » 
Imperfect,  MPrf1 

Polite,  P'l/t 
Impolite,  MPlit 

Sufficient,  sFsNt 
Insufficient,  NsFsNt 

Understood,  NdsTd 
Misunderstood, 
[MsNdsTd 

Definite,  DfNt 
Indefinite,  NDfNt 

Practicable,  Prt3Bl 
Impracticable,  MPrt'Bl 

Variable,  VBB1 
Invariable,  NVJBB1 

Determined,  DTrnd 

Undetermined,  NDTrnd 
Destructible,  DsTrtBl 

Proper,  Pr1 
Improper,  MPr> 

Washed,  u'Sht1 
Unwashed,  NwSht1 

Indestructible, 
[NDsTrtBl 

Profitable,  PrfVB 
Unprofitable,  NPrft'B 

Worthy,  Dh 
Unworthy,  NDh 

70 

TABLE    OF   CONTRASTS. 


See  Key,  nerf  page. 

vp  pv 

v    L A,    \,  -^  * 


2  .. 


3-V 





6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 


Hv  %»  "1      "t 

)         ")      V        Y 

/  v        •)          tr 


It    i- 


-r  \  f 


13  X  .  V  jL_i±_jL>irl_ 

14  ^     V       I*      J-       /•       J'_ 

15  V   \:  JL_^_  J-   L- 

16  x\   ^_.\     L-    , \ 

>^          v         X" 


D        P  -  o        c  -  0 

....  ......  ;  .......  v  ......  \  ......  \.  ... 

VA       SA       OA 


17. 


.._...,...A 

•     ^     6- 


v   t-   t-  j- 

71 


vs  V 


72  KEY  TO  TABLE  OF  CONTRASTS. 

Diagram  of  Vowels. — This  diagram  should  be  carefully  com- 
pared with  the  rules  contained  in  section  4,  d,  on  page  8,  which 
give  directions  for  the  placing  of  vowels  between  two  stems.  In 
such  cases,  the  vowels  which  appear  at  the  left  of  the  diagonal  line 
in  the  diagram,  are  written  after  the  first  stem;  and  those  appearing 
at  the  right  of  that  line  are  written  before  the  second  stem. 

At  several  points  in  the  "Writing  Exercises,  reference  is  made  to 
lines  in  the  Table  of  Contrasts,  page  71.  Wherever  such  reference 
is  made,  the  examples  referred  to  should  be  carefully  read  and  com- 
pared with  each  other.  A  key  to  these  examples  is  given  below  : 

LINE  1.    Sip,  Spa.    Sight,  Sty.    Opes,  Pose.    Oppose.    Suppose. 

2.  Ask,  Sack.     Asp,  Sap.     Acid,  Sad.     Assail,  Sail.     Escape, 
Scape. 

3.  Puss,  Pussy.     Daze,   Daisy.     Gas,    Gassy.      Fuss,    Fussy. 
Moss,  Mossy. 

4.  Back,  Bask.    Tuck,  Tusk.    Deck,  Desk.    Tack,  Task.    Gap, 
Gasp.     Rap,  Rasp. 

5.  Czar,  Sir.     Zeal,  Seal.     Zero,  Sorry.     Zinc,  Sink.     Dozen, 
Design.     Reason,  Resign. 

6.  Pace,  Paces.     Toss,  Tosses.     Chase,  Chases.     Case,  Cases. 
Face,  Faces.     Vice,  Vices.     Lace,  Laces.     Mosses. 

7.  Policy,  Policies.     Intimacy,  Intimacies.     Ecstasy,  Ecstasies. 
Posy,  Posies.     Fancy,  Fancies.     Daisies. 

8.  Chess,  Chest,    Chester.     Less,  Lest,  Lester.     State,  Taste. 
Steel,  Least.     Stop,  Post.     Posts,  Posten,  Posten's. 

9.  Pray,  Play.     Breach,  Bleach.     Eager,  Glee.      Free,  Flee. 
Ether,  Ethel.     Error,  Earl.     Eater,  Tree.     Eagle,  Glee. 

10.  Sup,    Supper,  Supple.      Set,   Setter,  Settle.      Side,  Cider, 
Sidle.     Sick,  Sicker,  Sickle.     Scape,  Scrape.     Sorrel. 

11.  Stop,  Stopper.      Stout,    Stouter.      Staid,  Staider.     Stitch, 
Stitcher.     Stalk,  Stalker.     Stag,  Stagger.     Safe,  Safer,  Civil. 

12.  Poison,   Poisoner.      Paster,     Pastry.      Besiege,    Besieger. 
Duster,  Destroy.  Disguise,  Disgrace.     Dispose,  Displays.     Disobey, 
Disables. 

13.  Pen,    Penny.      Tine,  Tiny.     Dean,  Deny.      Chine,  China. 
Gain,  Guinea.     Fin,  Finny.     Mine. 

14.  Pays,  Pains.     Days,  Danes.     Chase,  Chains.     Skies,  Skins, 
Screens.     Boughs,  Bounce,  Bounced.     Punsters. 

15.  Pun,  Puff.       Bean,  Beef.      Tun,  Tough.      Chain,  Chafe. 
Cane,  Cave.     Fine,  Fife.     Lean,  Leaf.     Knife. 

16.  Puff,  Puffy.      Beef,  Bevy.      Tough,  Taffy.     Dave,  Davy. 
Chafe,  Chaffee.     Cough,  Coffee.     Gravy. 

17.  Past,  Pats,  Pants.    Best,  Beds,  Bends.    Toast,  Totes,  Tends. 
Chest,  Cheats,  Chants.     Cost,  Cuts,  Counts.     Base,  Banes. 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


The  exercises  which  appear  in  the  following  pages,  illustrate 
every  principle  of  Phonetic  Shorthand.  Practice  should  be  confined 
to  these  exercises,  until  all  the  rules  of  abbreviation  are  learned.  No 
attempt  should  be  made  to  write  miscellaneous  matter,  for  the  reason 
that  such  matter  is  likely  to  contain  many  words  which  can  only  be 
written  correctly  under  rules  which  appear  later  in  the  study. 
Writing  such  words  incorrectly,  will  lead  the  student  into  bad 
habits  of  writing  which  it  will  be  difficult  to  overcome. 

Before  attempting  to  write  an  exercise,  the  rule  under  which  it 
is  to  be  written  should  be  carefully  read,  together  with  such 
additional  suggestions  as  appear  in  connection  with  the  exercise. 
Each  form  should  be  written  with  care,  and  no  exercise  should  be 
left  until  the  student  can  not  only  write  it  readily  and  correctly,  but 
read  it  aloud,  without  hesitation,  from  his  own  manuscript. 

Sec.  4.  a,  b.  Long  Vowels  are  indicated  by  heavy  dots 
and  dashes.  Write  the  following  words  in  the  positions  required  by 
subdivision  b.  Rules  1,  2,  and  3,  refer  to  the  positions  of  upright 
and  inclined  stems  only — not  to  those  of  horizontal  stems.  When  R 
or  L  is  printed  in  Italic",  use  the  upward  stem,  and  remember  that 
first-place  vowels  are  placed  at  the  beginning  of  a  stem,  whether  the 
stem  be  struck  upward  or  downward. 

Paw,  pea,  pooh,  pa,  pay,  ape,  ope.  Be,  bay,  bah,  bo.  Abe. 
Tea,  tay,  toe,  too.  Eat,  ate,  ought,  oat.  Day,  daw,  doe,  Dee.  Aid, 
awed,  ode.  Chaw,  each.  Gee,  jay,  jaw,  joe,  age.  Key,  caw,  coe, 
coo.  Eke,  ache,  oak.  Gay,  go.  Oaf,  eve.  Oath,  thaw.  They, 
though.  See,  say,  saw,  so.  Ease,  awes,  owes,  ooze.  Ze,  lay,  la, 
law,  low,  loo.  E'e£,  ail,  awl,  Ola.  .Ray,  raw,  7-oe.  Ear,  air,  oar. 
Me,  may,  ma.  maw.  Aim.  Knee,  nay,  gnaw,  no.  E'en,  own.  We, 
way,  wall,  wo,  woo.  Ye,  yea,  you.  He,  hay,  hah,  haw,  hoe,  who. 

c.  Short  Vowels  are  indicated  by  light  dots  and  dashes. 
When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  'stems,  place  it  as  directed  in 
subd.  d.  Remember  to  write  all  words  in  their  proper  positions,  as 
directed  in  subd.  b,  and  illustrated  on  pages  71  and  72. 

Up.  pugh,  at,  add,  odd,  etch,  edge,  egg,  off,  if,  us.  Pot,  pet, 
pat,  pod.  Bit,  bet,  bat,  bog,  bug,  bag.  Tick,  tuck,  tack,  took, 
tag,  tip,  top,  tap.  Ditch,  dig,  dip,  dutch,  duck,  dumb,  dam.  Chip, 

73 


VOWELS. 

chap,  chub,  chid,  chuck,  chick.  Jim,  gem,  jam,  jug,  jag,  Gyp, 
jab.  Kip,  cop,  cod,  kedge,  cup,  cab,  cub,  cad,  catch,  cuff,  cough, 
king.  Got,  giddy,  gap.  Fib,  Fitch,  fob,  fetch,  fudge,  funny, 
Fanny,  fatty,  finny,  fag.  Vim,  Vick.  Thick,  thud,  thatch,  thumb. 
Ship,  shop,  shove,  sham,  shad.  Minnie,  money,  mob,  much,  match, 
Maggie.  Not,  nit,  gnat,  nut,  nip,  nap,  nob,  nab,  nub,  knack, 
knock,  nook,  notch,  nag,  nudge. 

The  following  exercise  contains  both  long  and  short  vowels. 
Place  each  word  in  its  proper  position,  and  do  not  forget  to  write 
the  vowels  as  directed  in  subd.  d.  Make  the  proper  distinction 
between  long  and  short  vowels,  but  do  not  make  the  former  too 
heavy.  (See  diagram  of  rowels,  page  71. ) 

Peat,  paid,  pot,  pet,  pat,  pod.  Beat,  bait,  bet,  bat,  bought,  boat, 
boot.  Teak,  talk,  took,  tick,  tuck,  tack.  Deem,  dome,  dumb,  doom. 
Cheek,  chair,  choke,  chip,  chap.  Jeer,  joke,  jug,  jag.  Cape,  cup, 
calm,  caulk,  comb,  cage,  kedge,  cab,  bog,  balm,  cod,  cuff,  keel, 
coal,  core.  Gear,  game,  gawk,  gig,  gage,  gap.  .Reap,  rake,  rock, 
root,  rag,  rub.  Feat,  fade,  food,  fib,  fun,  fan,  fudge,  fag.  Vat,  vote, 
veto,  veal,  valley.  Evade,  evoke.  Thebe,  thought,  theme,  Thane, 
them,  thumb,  thole,  thatch,  thick,  thill.  Sheet,  shade,  shape,  shiny, 
shame,  sham,  shoot,  assure.  Leap,  lobe,  lake,  lap,  feash.  Meed, 
made,  mar,  Maud,  mode,  meadow,  mood,  month,  mate.  Neat,  nail, 
node,  nudge,  nib,  not,  note,  nut,  kneel,  nag,  natty,  uneasy. 

e.  Diphthongs. — The  signs  for  the  diphthongs  must  not  be 
inclined.     When  I  occurs  between  two  stems,  it  is  sometimes  more 
convenient  to  write  it  in  the  third  place,  rather  than  to  carry  the 
pen  back  to  the  beginning  of  the  first  stem.     Do  not  forget  that 
when  the  position  of  an  outline  depends  upon  this  diphthong,  it  is 
always  to  be  considered  as  first-place. 

Pie,  pew.  By,  boy,  bough.  Tie,  toy.  Die,  dow,  dew.  Chow, 
chew.  Joy,  Jew.  Coy,  cow,  cue.  Guy.  Fie,  few.  Vie,  vow, 
view.  Thigh,  thew.  Thy,  thou.  Sigh,  soy,  sue.  Shy.  Lie,  lieu, 
alloy,  allow.  Rye,  Roy,  row,  rue.  My,  mow,  mew.  Nigh,  annoy, 
now,  new.  Bite.  Boyd,  bowed,  beauty.  Dyke,  dime,  dowdy,  duke. 
Chide,  chewed.  Jibe,  jewed.  Kite,  coif,  cowed,  cube.  Ficlo,  fire, 
fiery,  feud.  Vied,  vowed,  void,  viewed.  Shire,  shower.  Mike, 
mouth,  mute.  Knife,  noisy,  newt. 

f .  A  vowel  after  a  diphthong,  is  indicated  by  an  inclined  tick. 
Make  the  angles  distinct. 

Piety,  pious,  bias,  Diana,  diet,  Zion,  scion,  boyish,  voyage, 
dewy,  annuity,  fewer,  viewer,  bowing. 


RULES  FOR  L,  R,  AND  SH.  75 

g.  "Write  the  following  words  and  indicate  the  vowels  by  the 
inclined  angle,  as  directed  in  the  rule.  Be  careful  to  shade  the 
down-stroke  of  the  angle,  when  the  first  vowel  is  long.  In  using 
this  angle,  the  student  will  notice  that  the  exact  quality  of  the 
second  vowel  is  not  indicated.  This  will  not  cause  any  difficulty  in 
reading,  however,  as  the  word  can  be  distinguished  readily  by  giv- 
ing that  vowel  the  sound  of  T,  or  u. 

Poet,  poesy,  Bowen,  being,  bayer,  toeing,  jawing,  Boaz,  chaos, 
thawy,  showy,  piano,  ruin. 

h.  Iota,  idea,  Shea,  panacea,  iambic.  Bough,  eyed,  oily,  rye, 
vow,  view,  few. 

j.  Always  join  the  semi-circle  to  a  stem  at  a  distinct  angle. 
Two  forms  are  given,  for  the  purpose  of  making  this  possible 
Make  the  semi-circles  small.  If  made  too  large,  they  will  appear 
awkward,  and  will  be  mistaken  for  half-length  stems. 

Weep,  web,  Utah,  Yattau,  Yedo,  Utica,  widow,  watch,  witch, 
yoke,  wake,  wick,  waggish,  Oswego,  youth,  wash,  yellow,  Europe, 
Urania,  yam,  wing,  young. 

Sec.  5.  Rules  for  L,  R,  and  Sh. — These  rules  are  very  import- 
ant. Do  not  leave  them  until  you  can  write  correctly  every  word 
in  the  exercise.  Use  the  form  f  for  the  nouns  will  and  well,  in  the 
first  and  second  positions,  respectively.  The  word-sign  f~  ,  given 
on  page  13,  is  used  for  the  verb  and  adverb  only. 

The  use  of  Italics  to  indicate  upstrokes,  will  be  continued  in  the 
following  exercises  in  exceptional  cases  only.* 

Law,  elk,  delay,  array,  parry,  shade,  bush.  Lieu,  alum,  dally, 
airy,  aurora,  ship,  fish.  Lay,  alimony,  pulley,  Arab,  foray,  pshaw, 
share,  bushy,  low.  Alumni,  jolly,  ray,  bar,  show,  coolie,  ark, 
worry,  shame.  Fishy,  eel,  Electa,  valley,  leach,  army,  veil,  roe, 
marry,  loo,  sheaf,  show,  dashy. 

Awl,  latch,  Allegany,  pillow,  pillt  rue,  tire,  shore,  dash,  aisle. 
Leap,  pile,  lobe,  isle,  cheer,  shoe,  cash.  Bailey,  oily,  lip,  fowl, 
rubbish,  far,  ask,  ash,  laugh,  allow.  Mash,  anneal,  dual,  leash. 

Albany,  meal,  aright,  peer,  opera,  chair,  reel,  early,  share,  folio, 
elbow,  mill,  arrayed,  peal,  pour,  rally,  mole.  Feel,  ivory,  elfish, 
mall,  urge,  mellow,  pale,  moor,  aerial,  rehash.  Alvah,  mail,  earth, 
tare,  olive,  belay,  apiary,  ball.  Bear,  berry,  awry,  toil,  tar,  billow, 
shape,  burrow,  bole.  Bureau,  shake,  follow,  Komish,  tyro,  dole, 
bellow,  dower,  fair.  Tarry,  allege,  remedy,  Howell,  cherry,  also,  rely. 

*Extensive  lists  of  words  ending  with  L  and  R  will  be  found  on  pages 
92  and  93. 


76 


WORD-SIGNS. 


Sec.  6.  Heath,  hail,  heap,  highway,  happy,  hymn.  Halve, 
heal,  humbug,  hurl,  whip.  Unhook,  half,  huzzy,  hammock,  hawk. 
Had,  hug,  home,  whey,  hash,  hallow.  Hope,  higher,  hoggish, 
whack,  whew,  hook.  Whim,  harmony,  hob,  hair,  hoop.  Hop, 
whir,  wherry,  hilly,  whirligig. 

Sec.  7.  Word=Signs. — Learn  the  word-signs  thoroughly. 
Then  carefully  read  the  sentences  on  page  13,  and  copy  them  in 
shorthand  and  read  them  from  your  own  writing.  It  will  be  much 
better  if  you  can  read  your  exercises  aloud.  Practice  faithfully, 
until  you  can  both  read  and  write  them  correctly  and  without  hesita- 
tion. Then  translate  the  following  sentences  into  shorthand,  and 
practice  upon  them  in  the  same  way.  Use  word-signs  for  all  words 
printed  in  Italic,  vocalizing  the  other  outlines.  If  you  practice  in 
this  manner,  you  will  be  surprised  at  the  progress  you  will  make. 

1.  Show  it  to  Mm,  before  youput  it  away.  2.  TJiat  was  what  was 
given  to  her.  3.  If  she  can  go,  it  will  be  as  well.  4.  Do  what  you  can 
for  me.  5.  Shatt  I  take  it  to  the  shop  ?  6.  There  was  no  change  when 
he  was  there.  7.  Did  tJiey  Jiear  from  you  when  you  were  away  ?  8.  He 
and  I  were  there  at  the  time.  9.  They  took  it  out  in  a  pail.  10.  I  wish 
she  would  come  with  him,  too.  11.  They  lire  there,  and  have  come  here 
for  the  fair.  12. '  Who  was  on  the  boat  ?  13.  It  was  too  high  for  him. 
14.  We  ought  to  do  all  we  can.  15.  Why  did  you  give  our  book  to 
him?  16.  They  each  had  a  watch  which  was  given  by  him.  17.  He 
came  an  hour  before  he  should  have  come.  18.  Two  of  their  sheep  were 
in  the  road.  19.  Has  he  as  many  as  you  or  I  have  ?  20.  Did  they 
give  you  any  of  their  candy  ?  21.  Isawhimput  the  willinthewell. 

a.  Read  the  rule  very  carefully.     Then  write  the  following 
phrases,  joining  the  words  which  are  connected  by  hyphens,  and 
placing  the  first  word  of  each  phrase  in  its  proper  position.     All 
these  phrases  are  composed  of  word-signs  contained  in  the  list  on 
page  13. 

That- was.  What- was.  If -she-can.  You- can.  There-was.  He- 
was.  She-would.  Who-was.  It-was.  We-can.  Which-was.  Did- 
they.  Give-that.  Before-that.  She-can.  Shall-come.  Can-they. 
Or-that.  Can-do.  Was-that.  That-they.  She-came-in. 

b.  Ticks. — It  is  very  important  that  the  pupil  make  no  mistake 
in  the  use  of  the  ticks.     If  the  wrong  tick  is  used  for  a  word,  it  will 
naturally  be  read  for  a  different  word,  and  the  proper  sense  of  the 
phrase  or  sentence  will  be  destroyed. 


TICKS. 


77 


INITIAL   TICKS    ON    SIMPLE    STEMS. 

HE.— When  a  phrase  begins  with  He,  always  use  the  Chay-tick, 
(  /  )  except  before  Lay,  where  a  T-tick  (  i  )  is  used.  He  cannot  be 

I       I      /     / 
indicated  by  a  joined  tick  before  either  of  the  stems    I       I     /     / 

^      ^  (      ^     ^    or  El. 

I.—/ is  indicated  by  the  T-tick  (  i  )  before  "^  and  ~>  ;  by  the 
P-tick  (  \  )  before  f~  /  ^.  ^  ;  and  by  the  Ray-tick  (  "  ) 
before  any  other  stem. 

THE  —  The  is  indicated  by  the  T-tick  (  i  )  before   C   ;  by  the 
Chay-tick  (  /  )  before     —     —       )         )        J       J       "^ 
^     ^-v,    /     :  and  by  the  Ray -tick  before  any  other  stem. 

A,AX,AND.—  Use  the  T-tick  (   i  )  before    —       )       ) 

"^      ~^     x      Use  the  K-tick  (  -  )  before  any  other  stem. 
MEDIAL   TICKS. 

In  the  middle  of  a  phrase,  either  He  or  The  may  be  indicated  by 
the  P-,  Ray-,  or  Chay-tick,  but  no  tick  is  to  be  used  where  it  will 
not  make  a  distinct  angle  with  the  stems. 

/is  never  written  in  the  middle  of  a  phrase,  except  by  the  T-tick. 

A,  An,  and  And,  are  indicated  by  a  K-or  T-tick,  in  the  middle  of 
a  phrase. 

FINAL   TICKS. 

He  and  The  are  indicated  by  a  P-,  Ray-,  or  Chay-tick,  at  the  end 
of  a  phrase. 

A,  An,  and  And,  are  indicated  by  a  K-  or  T-tick,  at  the  end  of  a 
phrase. 

/  is  indicated  finally  by  the  1  -tick  only. 

E^~  Observe  carefully  the  direction  given  in  subd.  c.  When  a 
phrase  begins  with  either  of  the  ticks  for  the  words  above  men- 
tioned, the  second  word  of  the  phrase  is  placed  in  the  position 
directed  in  §  4,  b,  and  not  the  tick.  Make  the  ticks  exactly  one-fourth 
the  length  of  a  stem. 

Read  and  copy  the  first  eleven  lines  on  page  15,  and  carefully 
note  the  application  of  the  above  rules. 


CIRCLES. 

Sec.  8.  S-Circle. — Don't  make  a  loop  for  a  circle.  A  loop  is 
not  a  circle,  but  means  something  entirely  different.  On  a  straight 
stem,  turn  a  simple  circle  with  a  motion  opposite  that  of  the  hands 
of  a  watch,  except  in  a  few  instances  where  it  occurs  between  stems. 
A  circle  between  a  tick  and  a  stem,  is  written  as  if  it  were  between 
two  stems.  (See  lines  1  to  5,  Table  of  Contrasts,  p.  71.) 

Sip,  sup,  sap,  peace,  pus,  pass,  sob.  Boys,  seat,  sight,  sty,  stow, 
seedy,  said,  such,  sage,  seek,  sky,  spy,  spa,  tease,  dose,  chase,  joss. 
Safe,  suffice,  face,  phiz,  suffuse,  save,  salve,  vice,  voice,  views,  saith, 
sooth,  thaws,  seethe,  scythe.  Cease,  seize,  sighs,  size,  says,  saws, 
sues,  sash,  ashes,  seem,  same,  psalm,  mace,  moss,  muss,  mice, 
mouse,  muse,  moose.  Seen,  sane,  sawn,  soon,  sin,  son,  sign,  niece, 
nose,  news,  sing,  sung,  sang,  song.  Wise,  ways,  wooes,  use,  hawse, 
hies,  hues.  Speedy,  speech,  spoke,  subdue,  Sabbath,  stake,  scope, 
scathe.  Scotch,  sigma,  sphere,  safety,  civic,  savage,  savings,  snob, 
snipe,  snatch,  snore.  Snug,  smack,  smoky,  small,  singing,  swap, 
swab,  swing,  swag. 

*C.  Asp,  espy,  osage,  ask,  Ezra,  Isaac,  assume,  oozing,  assignee. 
Esty,  easier,  asthma.  Saucy,  busy,  lazy,  racy,  mossy,  posy,  rosy, 
cosy,  mercy,  uneasy,  daisy.  Juicy,  fussy,  massy,  intimacy,  ecstasy, 
spicy,  gypsy,  tipsy.  Ace,  so,  see,  say,  saw,  sue,  easy,  owes,  ooze, 
awes.  Sighing,  sewing,  scion,  science,  sigher.  Zeal,  zero,  czar,  zinc, 
Zeno,  Zeus. 

d.  Mercies,  daisies,  gypsies,  fantasies,  palsies,  posies,  argosies, 
fallacies,  intimacies,  piracies,  policies,  fancies. 

e.  Paucity,  opposite,  episode,  pacify,  passive,  passage,  bask, 
besought,  obesity,  beseech,  besiege,  tusk,  desk.     Audacity,  decide, 
disobey,   deceive,  disown,  dismay,  russet,  receive,    reason,  resign, 
Jessup,  Joseph.     Cusp,  cossack,  cask,  excite,  accede,  gasp,  faucet, 
physic,  fusty,  offset,  effusive,  vista,  visit,  visage,  evasive,  honesty, 
inside,  unsaid,  unsafe,  unsung,  unseen. 

f.  Zion,  zany,  zeaZ,  zenith,  zero,  zinc,  zodiac,  zouave,  czar, 
Zeno,  Zeus. 

g.  Poison,  basin,  bison,  dozen,  dizen,  chasten,  chosen,  cousin, 
fasten,  season,  Susan,  lessen,  arson,  mason.     Poisons,  basins,  bisons, 
dozens,  chastens,  cousins,  fastens,  seasons,  Susan's,  lessens,  arsons, 
masons. 

i.  Sarah,  sorrow,  serious,  series,  syrup,  survey,  search,  serge. 
Sardis,  service,  servile,  sortie,  surpass,  surface. 

j,  k.  Before  attempting  to  read  lines  11  to  14,  on  page  17, 
or  to  write  the  following,  learn  the  list  of  word-signs  and  the  rules  at 
subd.  j  and  k.  Only  the  new  word-signs  are  printed  in  Italic  below. 
Join  the  words  connected  by  hyphens. 


CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS.  79 

1.  Where-  is  the-property  upon-whick  they  put  ihe-7iouse?  S.They 
thought  he-would-come  while  we  were  there.  3.  What-was  the-talk 
between  you,  at  the-time  you-came  up  by  where  they  live  ?  4.  He 
charges  too-much,  and-it-may-be  above  what  you  would  give.  5.  I- 
know  no  reason  why  you  should  hope  for  it.  6.  It-is  too-heavy  for- 
me.  7.  /s-she  to  buy-his  house  ?  8.  May  I  hope  I-am  to-see  you  at 
my  house?  9  Do  you  know  whether-his  book  is  among  yours  ? 
10.  He-z's  without-o.  home,  though  lie-has  a-nice  house. 

Sec.  9.  Ses. — Make  the  large  circle  about  twice  the  size  of 
the  small  one.  It  is  seldom  necessary  to  vocalize  it.(Lines 6,  7,  p.  71 

Mississippi,  emphasis,  necessary,  necessity,  excessive,  success, 
exercise,  exhaust,  census. 

a.  Notice  the  difference  between  this  rule  and  that  in  §  8,  d. 
In  the  latter,  the  plural  is  formed  by  attaching  a  small  circle  to  a 
stem,  but  in  the  following  words,  it  is  formed  by  enlarging  the  circle. 

Pauses,  poses,  passes,  bases,  abysses,  bosses,  abuses,  teases, 
tosses,  adduces,  cheeses,  chases,  chooses,  cases,  faces,  fusses,  theses, 
chaises,  leases,  laces,  losses,  loses,  maces,  misses,  musses,  masses, 
noses,  noises,  nooses,  roses. 

b.  Recesses,  exercises,  excesses,  abscesses,  successes,  empha- 
sizes. 

c.  1.    It-is-his    property.      2.    I- will    go  as-far-as-his    house. 
8.    Which-is-his     watch,     and-which-is-hers  ?     4.    It  is-as-large-as 
I-thought-they  would-make  it.     5.    I-thought-so,  for-his-is  here.     6. 
^yhy-is-his  property  put  there  ? 

Sec.  10.  Loops. — Make  the  loops  carefully,  and  make  the 
proper  distinction  between  the  two  kinds  of  loops.  Always  place 
words  in  their  proper  positions.  Read  subd.  c.  (Line  8,  page  71.) 

Steep,  stoop,  step,  stop,  stubby,  state,  stout,  staid,  stood,  stitch, 
stage,  stalk,  stoke,  stag.  Stiff,  stuff,  staff,  stave,  steal,  stale,  stole, 
stool,  star,  story,  stem.  Pieced,  paced,  passed,  beast,  baste,  boast, 
taste,  tossed,  test,  dosed,  dust,  chased,  chest,  just.  Feast,  faced, 
fist,  fast,  vest,  vast,  voiced,  ceased,  assist,  assessed,  easiest,  zest, 
leased,  laced,  lowest,  loosed,  arrest,  raced,  rest,  rust,  missed,  moist, 
west,  yeast. 

Paster,  pastor,  poster,  baster,  boaster,  taster,  toaster,  tester, 
duster,  Chester,  juster,  coaster,  caster,  f caster,  faster,  foster,  vaster, 
lustre,  roster,  master,  muster. 

b.  Pests,  posts,  beasts,  busts,  tastes,  tests,  dusts,  chests,  jousts, 
costs,  coasts,  guests,  gusts,  feasts,  fasts,  vests,  theists,  assists,  zests, 
arrests,  rests,  mists,  wastes.  Pasters,  boasters,  testers,  dusters, 
Chester's,  coasters,  casters,  fosters,  shysters,  lustres,  lasters,  rosters, 
roosters. 


80  •  THE   R-HOOK. 


Piston,  Posten,  Listen,  Justin,  Masten,  Weston.  Pasting, 
boasting,  toasting,  dusting,  jesting,  casting,  feasting,  investing, 
assisting,  listing,  arresting,  nesting,  wasting,  hoisting,  resting. 

Postern,  western,  southeastern.  Pestering,  bolstering,  festering, 
mastering,  mustering. 

1.  The-company  first  came  together  last  week.  2.  It-was  a- 
month  ago.  3.  Ton-are  against  the-whote  party.  4.  It-was  the-com- 
mon  and  usual  form  of  oath.  5.  Tile-first  part  was  put  away  long- 
ago.  6.  I-think  it-is  worth-that.  1.  There-is  a-large  advantage  in  it. 
8.  I-sliall  recollect  about  tlie-thing  after  you  go.  9.  It-is-the  best  we- 
cangive.  10.  What-is-their  object?  11,  Is-there  as-much as-there  was  ? 

Write  the  following  words  on  the  line,  and  omit  the  vowels : 
Book,  into,  also,  ask. 

Sec.  ii.  Subdivisions  a  and  b  contain  general  rules  governing 
the  use  of  all  hooks.  It  is  important  that  they  be  thoroughly 
understood. 

Sec.  12.  The  R-Hook. — Do  not  make  this  hook  any  larger 
than  it  is  made  in  the  exercise  on  page  21.  Be  sure  not  to  make  it 
on  the  wrong  side  of  the  stem. 

Prow,  upper,  bray,  brow,  brew,  tree,  tray,  true,  try.  Troy, 
trow,  eater,  otter,  outer,  dray,  draw,  drew,  dry,  aider,  odor,  adder, 
odder,  udder.  Etcher,  edger,  acre,  ochre,  crow,  crew,  eager,  ogre, 
auger,  gray,  grow,  grew.  Fray,  fry,  free,  offer,  over,  ever,  three, 
throw,  through,  ether,  author,  either,  other,  easer.  Iser,  usher,  shrew, 
error,  emir,  aimer.  Homer,  hummer,  inner. 

Paper,  pitcher,  baker,  betray,  botcher,  trainer.  Deeper,  decree, 
checker,  cinder,  jabber,  caper,  catcher,  calmer,  fakir,  fetcher,  fiber, 
vigor,  shader,  leaper,  labor,  ladder.  Archer,  meeker,  matcher, 
roguery,  rocker,  wrecker,  wager. 

b.  Parry,  opera,  apiary,  borrow,  berry,  bureau,  bowery,  tyro, 
tarry,  diary,  dowry,  cheery,  cherry,   chary,  carry,  augury,   fiery, 
foray,  fairy,  ferry,  furrow,  fury,  sherry,  showery,  miry,  morrow, 
merry,  Myra,  marrow,  Nora,  narrow,  hero,  Harry. 

Payer,  buyer,  bower,  dryer,  briar,  friar,  slayer,  liar,  truer, 
cower,  fewer.  Prayer,  tire,  door,  chair,  fear,  sheer,  leer. 

c.  Parer,  parrier,  borer,  bearer,  barrier,  burier,  adorer,  curer, 
carrier,   scourer,  turrier,   courier,    firer,    fairer,    furrier,    admirer, 
demurrer. 


TICKS — THE  L-HOOK.  81 

INITIAL  TICKS  BEFORE  THE  R-HOOK. 

The  ticks  are  used  somewhat  differently  upon  stems  bearing 
hooks,  than  on  simple  stems.  The  outlines  below  are  indicated  by 
stenotypy,  rules  for  which  are  given  on  page  56,  which  see.  Italic 
capitals  indicate  up-strokes. 

HE. — He  cannot  be  prefixed  by  a  tick  to  Kr,  Gr,  Lr,  Rr,  Mr, 
Hr,  or  Rr.  To  all  other  stems  bearing  the  R-hobk,  He  is  prefix- 
ed by  the  Chay-tick. 

I. — /is  prefixed  to  LT,  Mr,  and  Hr,  by  the  Ray-tick.  To  all 
other  stems  with  the  R-hook,  it  is  prefixed  by  the  P-tick. 

A,AN,AXD. — Either  of  these  words  may  be  prefixed  to  Thr, 
Dhr,  and  Yr,  by  the  T-tick.  To  all  other  stems  with  the  R-hook, 
they  are  prefixed  by  the  K-tick. 

THE.— The  is  prefixed  to  Kr,  Gr,  LT,  Rr,  Mr,  Wr,  and  Hr,  by 
the  Ray-tick  ;  to  Xr,  Xgr,  and  Hr,  by  the  P-tick ;  to  all  other  stems 
with  the  R-hook,  by  the  Chay-tick. 

He-appears.  He-practices.  He-remembers.  He-tries.  He-works. 
He-trusts.  I-practice.  I-remember.  I-try.  I-trust.  I-care.  I-re- 
mark.  Ami-appear.  A-number.  And-remembers.  A-truth.  And- 
adjourned.  A-decree.  A-car.  A-very.  A-railroad.  A-lawyer. 
And- work.  The-proper.  The-number.  The-doctor.  The- jury. 
The-decree.  The-railroad.  The-remark.  The-manner.  The-work. 

1.  The-doctor' s  practice  appeal's  to-be  proper.  2.  His  younger 
brother  works  on-the  railroad.  3.  I-remember  it -was  dark,  when  the- 
jury  adjourned.  4.  The-larger  number  of  the-members  agree.  5.  The- 
lairycr  was  very -near  ihe-truth  in-his  remarks.  6.  Every  person 
(Prsn)  on-the  car,  who-saw  it  occur,  spoke  in-that  manner.  7.  Does- 
he  care  to-look  over  the-decree  any  longer?  8.  It-is  true  that  the- 
upper  part  broke  during  the-day 

d.  1.  What-were-they  ?  2.  "\Vhich-were-said.  3.  They-were 
by-her-side.  4  I-gave-her-money  f or-her-brother,  who- was  with-her. 
5.  We-were-away.  6.  He-saw-her  in-her-absence.  7.  Where-were- 
they,  when-her-brother  came  ?  8.  They- were-chosen  from-her- books. 
9.  there-were  two-or-three  (Tr»Thr). 

Sec.  13.  The  L=Hook. — Always  make  the  L-hook  small,  on 
straight  stems.  On  curved  stems,  it  is  made  short  and  broad,  to 
distinguish  it  from  the  R-hook.  (Line  9,  page  71.) 


82  TICKS — THE  L-HOOK. 

Plea,  play,  ply,  plow,  blow,  blew,  able,  addle,  idol,  claw,  clay, 
cloy,  clue,  eagle,  glow,  glue.  Flee,  flay,  flaw,  flew,  evil,  oval,  easel, 
only.  People,  papal,  puzzle.  Bible,  tattle,  toddle,  tickle,  table, 
toggle,  dapple,  deploy,  chapel,  cheaply,  cockle,  cackle,  camel,  gavel, 
fickle,  vocal,  local,  liable,  label,  arable,  rabble,  model,  nickel. 

c.  Pillow,  belie,  billow,  tallow,  tally,  daily,  delay,  duly,  chilly, 
jolly,  jelly,  collie,  coolie,  gaily,  gala,  folly,  fellow,  follow,  volley, 
valley,  mellow,  mallow,  newly,  relay,   rally,  holly,    hollow,  hilly, 
halo,  hallow. 

Baal,  towel,  trial,  duel,  dial,  cruel,  jewel,  vial,  vowel.  Peel, 
bail,  tile,  jail,  fall,  shale,  mail,  kneel,  reel. 

d.  Earl,  oral,  pearl,  peril,  parole,  barrel,  Farrell,  thoroughly, 
sorrel,  laurel,  marl,  moral,  enrol,  Harrell,  etherial,  admiral. 

INITIAL  TICKS  BEFORE  THE  L-HOOK. 

HE.— He  cannot  be  prefixed  by  a  tick  to  LI,  Rl,  Ml,  Wl,  or  HI. 
To  all  other  stems  bearing  the  L-hook,  He  is  prefixed  by  the 
Chay-tick. 

I. — /  is  prefixed  to  L\,  Ml,  and  HI,  by  the  Ray-tick.  To  all 
other  stems  with  the  L-hook,  it  is  prefixed  by  the  P-tick. 

A,AN,AND. — Either  of  these  words  may  be  prefixed  to  Chi, 
Jl,  Thl,  and  Dhl,  by  the  T-tick.  To  all  other  stems  with  the  L-hook, 
they  are  prefixed  by  the  K-tick. 

THE.— The  is  prefixed  to  LI,  Rl,  Ml,  HI,  and  El,  by  the  Ray- 
tick  ;  to  Nl  and  Ngl,  by  the  P-tick ;  to  all  other  stems  with  the 
L-hook,  by  the  Chay-tick. 

He-complies.  He-believed.  He-tells.  He-claims.  He-fell.  He- 
values.  He-placed.  I-apply.  I-believe.  I-tell.  I-delivered.  I-rely. 
I-fell.  I-declare.  And-compel.  And-belonged.  A-belief.  An-angel. 
An-equal.  A-delivery.  And-fill.  And-really.  A-rule.  A-wealthy. 
And-disclaimed.  The-people.  The-delivery.  The-claim.  The-value. 
The-rule.  The-wealth. 

1.  I-believe  he-will  really  compel  tlie-people  to  comply  fully  with 
ihe-rule.  2.  The-ckrk  claimed  to  have  delivered  the-roll  to  the- 
children.  3.  He  relies  upon-his  claim  that  he-fell  on-the  rail.  4.  Tell- 
ium, to  call,  and  I-will  deliver  property  equal  to-that  in  value.  5.  He 
declares-his  belief  that  their  wealth  was  real,  but-that  it  belonged  largely 
to  their  children.  6.  They  will  make  ihe-delivery  by  degrees. 
7.  mUitfull. 

e.  1.  It-will-be  as- well,  after-all,  to  apply  soon.     2.  Which-will 
you  take,  of-all  they  offer  ?    3.  They-will-go,  if  you-will.    4.  What- 
will-they  do  with-all-those  boxes  ?    5.  She-will  do  the-work  as-well- 
as  he  does-it. 


COMBINATIONS — VOCALIZING  INITIAL  HOOKS.  83 

Sec.  14.  When  circles  are  combined  with  hooks,  the  combina- 
tions are  named  Sper,  Spel,  Sfer,  Sfel,  etc.  When  the  small  loop  is 
thus  combined,  the  outlines  are  called  Stepr,  Stetr,  etc.  The  loops 
cannot  be  combined  with  hooks  on  curved  stems,  and  Ses  is  never 
combined  with  a  hook  at  the  beginning  of  an  outline.  In  writing 
circles  within  hooks  on  curved  stems,  care  should  be  taken  not  to 
change  the  size  of  the  hook.  (Lines  10-12,  page  71. ) 

Spray,  spry,  sapper,  supper,  sober,  saber,  stray,  straw,  strew, 
suitor,  sitter,  setter,  cedar,  sadder,  cider,  sager,  sicker,  soaker,  safer, 
cypher,  suffer,  savor,  sealer,  simmer,  saner,  signer,  singer.  Stopper, 
stupor,  stabber,  stater,  staider,  stitcher,  stager,  sticker,  stoker, 
stalker,  stagger. 

a.  Supple,  supply,  sable,  settle,  saddle,  sidle,  satchel,  sickle, 
cycle,  civil,  sizzle,  social. 

d.  It  occasionally  happens  that  a  hook  cannot  be  made  exact, 
when  preceded  by  a  circle  in  the  middle  of  an  outline.  Care  should 
be  taken,  in  such  cases,  that  it  be  sufficiently  indicated. 

Pastry,  besieger,  tasker,  decipher,  destroy,  descry,  disagree, 
gossamer,  vestry,  vesper,  massacre,  mastery,  extra.  Peaceable, 
paschal,  disclose,  disciple,  disable,  explosive,  gospel,  physical, 
visible,  useful. 

Sec.  15.  Do  not  pass  this  section  without  understanding  it 
perfectly.  It  provides  the  only  means  of  indicating  vowels  between 
stems  and  their  initial  hooks.  Do  not  leave  it  so  carelessly  as  to 
make  it  possible  for  you  to  attempt  to  apply  the  rule  to  final  hooks 
hereafter.  It  does  not  apply  to  final  Jiooks. 

Partial,  paraphrase,  parsimony,  perceive,  purple,  dark,  cheer- 
ful, Charles,  journey,  journal,  church,  kernel,  courage,  course,  excur- 
sive, nearly,  more,  tell,  till,  delicacy,  call,  cull,  cool,  college,  calumny, 
unskilful,  fill,  fell,  fulfil,  falsify,  voluble,  valuable,  vulgar,  village, 
vulnerable. 

How  may  be  indicated,  at  the  beginning  of  a  phrase,  by  either 
the  Chay-  or  Ray -tick,  but  the  tick  is  always  written  immediately 
below  the  line. 

How-much.  How-long.  How-many.  How-far  How-high. 
How-can.  How-true. 

1.  The-judge  committed  the-defendant.  2.  Ah,  Mary,  you  forget 
that-we  already  owe  the-agent's  wife  a-dollar.  3.  He  gave-us  his  age. 
4.  The-youth  who  accompanied  him  was  worthy  of  notice.  5.  They 
occupy  the  farm  which  adjoins  his,  but  they -are  indifferent  counties. 


84  THE  N-HOOK — FINAL  TICKS. 

Sec.  16.  The  N=Hook. — Make  the  hook  small,  on  both  straight 
and  curved  stems.  This  hook  cannot  be  used,  when  the  sound  of  N 
is  followed  by  a  vowel  at  the  end  of  a  word.  (Lines  13,  14,  p.  71.) 

Pine,  spine,  pun,  plain,  prone.  Spain,  pan,  plan,  bin,  brain, 
blown,  tone,  train,  stain.  Dane,  done,  sudden,  drown%  chain,  join. 
June,  keen,  crane,  clown,  skin,  screen,  gain,  grown,  fawn.  Often, 
stiffen,  vain,  even,  seven.  Thane,  thin,  then,  assign,  sheen,  shine, 
sullen,  slain,  lawn,  earn,  stern  (stRn),  reign.  Rhine,  mean,  moan, 
Simon,  marine,  moon,  known,  noon,  swain,  swan,  one,  wine,  yawn. 
Pekin,  pippin,  pigeon,  pennon  (PnN),  bacon,  beaten.  Buffon, 
obtain,  bemoan,  balloon,  tighten,  ottoman,  detain,  dungeon,  domain. 
Chicken,  cheapen,  kitchen,  cunning,  griffin,  gammon,  foeman, 
vanish  (Vn*S7i),  linen. 

b.  Olean,  alien,  ruin,  galleon,  scion.     Pretorian,  grammarian, 
agrarian,  valerian,  censorian,  clarion. 

c.  Pines,  spines,  sprains,  bones,  bans,  buns,  tones,  trains,  stains, 
strains  (sTrns),  dins,  dense,  drowns,  Siddons,  chains,  chance,  joins, 
canes,  coins,  gains,  groans,  glance.     Johnson,  Robinson,  Wisconsin, 
Benson's. 

d.  Pounced,    pranced,    bounced,    danced,    chanced,  glanced. 
Spinster,  punster,  spinsters,  punsters. 

e.  Princes,    prances,    pounces,    bounces,     trounces,    dunces, 
chances,  sconces,  cleanses,  glances. 

f .  Fence,  softens,  fawns,  veins,  heavens,  Athens,  thence,  assigns, 
oceans,  shuns,  shines,  lens,  loans,  lance,  rains,  rinse,  runs,  moans, 
immense,  nonce,  announce,  wines. 

FINAL  TICKS  AFTER  THE  N-HOOK. 

HE,  THE.— Use  the  Ray-tick  for  He  or  The,  after  Fn,  Vn,  Nn, 
and  Ngn  ;  the  P-tick  after  Kn,  Gn,  Thn,  Dhn,  Zn,  Mn,  Yn,  Hn,  and 
J?n.  Use  the  Chay-tick  for  either  of  these  words,  after  any  other 
N-hook  combination. 

I.— Use  the  T-tick  only,  for  7. 

A,AN,AND. — Use  the  K-  or  T-tick,  choosing  that  one  which 
will  make  the  best  angle  with  the  hook. 

Even-he.  Again-he.  Then-he.  Combine-the.  Taken-the. 
Imagine-the.  Connect-the.  Forgotten-the.  Within-the.  Lengthen- 
the.  Within-a.  Then-an. 

1.  The-man  has-been  connected  with  the-bank  continuously,  since- 
it-was  organized.  2.  If-they  combine  and-organize,  I-imagine  the- 
trouble  will  continue  as  it  has  begun.  3.  Within-a  week,  the  stock 
has-been  generally  taken,  l»y-men  of  financial  ability,  and-they  will 


THE  F-HOOK— FINAL  TICKS.  85 

begin  at-once  to  organize  the-company,  with-a  new  constitution. 
4.  His-disease  is  organic,  and-his-pain  has-been  continuous  since-it 
began.  5.  The-divine  law  is  the-basis  of  what-has-been  denominated 
human  law.  6.  To  some,  the-duties  of  religion  are  ^-continual 
punishment. 

g.  Before-and-after.  For-an-hour.  Did-not-have.  Come-and- 
go.  Cannot-be.  Give-an-opinion.  Your-own.  Our-own.  More- 
than.  Up-and-down.  Thought-not.  May-not-have.  Did-not-he. 
Cannot-I.  "Was-not-that. 

Sec.  17.  The  F-Hook. — This  hook  is  made  small,  on  straight 
stems,  and  on  the  L-hook  side  of  the  stem.  On  curved  stems,  it  is 
made  long  and  narrow,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  N-hook.  It  will 
require  care  to  make  it  accurately,  but  after  a  little  practice  it  may 
be  made  readily  and  correctly.  It  should  be  made  as  if  it  were  to  be 
a  large  loop,  but  without  closing  the  loop.  (Lines  15,  16,  page  71.) 

Pave,  approve,  puff,  beef,  brief,  bluff,  tough,  dove,  drove,  chief, 
chafe,  chaff.  Jove,  cuff,  cliff,  crave,  carve,  grief,  grove,  feaf, 
slave,  lave,  luS,  faugh.  .Beef,  7-ave,  roof,  move,  miff,  muff,  knave. 
Knife,  enough,  weave,  woof,  spavin.  Tiffany,  divine,  achieving, 
jovial,  cover,  govern,  fover,  river,  re  very,  nymph,  traffic. 

a.  Paves,  puffs,  beeves,  doves,  defense,  coves,  raves,  moves, 
knives,  slaves. 

FINAL  TICKS  AFTER  THE  F-HOOK. 

HE,  THE.— Use  the  Chay-tick  for  He  or  The,  after  Sf,  Zf,  Shf, 
Zhf ,  Rf,  and  Wf ;  the  Ray-tick  after  Pf ,  Bf ,  Kf ,  Gf ,  Ff,  Vf ,  Nf , 
Ngf,  and  .Rf.  Use  the  P-tick  for  either  of  these  words  after  any 
other  F-hook  combination. 

I. — Use  the  T-tick  only,  for  /. 

A,AN,AND. — Use  the  K-  or  T-tick,  choosing  that  one  which 
will  make  the  best  angle  with  the  hook. 

Whatever-he.  Hope-to-have-the.  Whatever-I.  Perform-an. 
Refer-a.  Thoughtful-and. 

1.  Whatever  success  you  hope-to-have  from  the-performance, 
I-adi'ise  you  to  refer  to  him  for-his  opinion,  and  to  be  governed  by-his 
advice.  2.  YLis-deformity  is  objective,  but  the-pain  he-suffers  is 
subjective  arid-difficult  to  prove.  3.  His  early  poverty  developed  a- 
thoughtful  care.  4.  His  language  developes  nothing  new  upon  the- 
issue.  5.  They-are  young,  but  you-are  now  well  along  in  years,  and 
cannot  perform  such  labor.  6.  To-whom  do  you  refer?  7.  He-is 
beyond  recovery,  I-am  advised. 


8G      THE  Y-HOOK — THE  W-HOOK — THE  TEH-HOOK. 

c.  Part-of.       What-have-been.       It-will-have.       Difference-of- 
opinion.     "Ever-have.       Have-ever.      They -have-known.      8o-have. 
I-shalMiave.      He-should-have.     May-have.      Know-of.     Think-of. 
We-have. 

d.  Fifing,  thieving,  shoving,  leaving,  moving,  weaving.    Ever- 
have-been.      Have-ever-been.      They-have-been.      I-shall-have-been. 
He-will-have-been.     It-raay-have-been.     We-have-been.     You-have- 
been. 

Sec.  18.  The  Y-Hook. — As  stated  in  the  rule,  this  hook  is 
used  only  for  phrasing  purposes.  On  straight  stems,  it  is  made 
twice  the  size  of  the  R-hook.  On  a  curved  stem,  it  is  made  of  the 
exact  shape  of  the  F-hook  on  curves,  but  it  is  only  used  initially. 

Upon-your-own.  Pay-your-money.  Before-you-know.  Do-you- 
not-know  ?  Had-you-ever-been  ?  Did-you-state  ?  Which-you-have. 
Can-you-state  ?  If-you-do.  Have-you-not-been  ?  Should-you-say-so  ? 
May-you-not-be  ?  In-your-opinion.  "Would-you-not-say  ?  What- 
year. 

a.  What-will-you  ?  Where-will-you-go  ?  Either-you  or-your 
brother.  In-that-year.  Or-will-you.  Where-were-you  ? 

Sec.  19.  The  W-Hook. — This  hook  is  made  twice  the  size  of 
the  L-hook.  It  is  not  used  on  curved  stems. 

Twins,  twain,  twice,  twenty,  twig,  Edwin,  dwell,  quaff,  queen, 
quince,  squeak,  squib,  squash,  quiver,  quill,  queer,  Gwinn,  quarrel,  - 
squirrel,  query,  quest,  quail,  square. 

a.  Upon-what-is-that  ?      Before-we-may-have.       But-whether- 
they-have.     What-we-have-been.     What-would-you  ?     But-what-is- 
that  ?    Do-we-not-know  ?    Had-we-ever-been.    Can-we-not-go  ?    Or- 
whether-it-was.     Are-we-not  ? 

b.  Would-be.     We-would.     That-we-were.     Nor-were-we.    If- 
you-were.     I-wish-you-would-go. 

1.  He-was  quartered  in-that  dwelling.  2.  They  acquiesced,  as- 
soon-as-the  question  arose.  3.  He-dwelt  near-the  railway.  4.  Do-not 
dwell  too  long  on-the  question,  if-they  acquiesce.  5.  The-noise 
bewilders  her. 

Sec.  20.  The  Ter-Hook. — This  hook  is  made  on  the  N-hook 
side  of  any  straight  stem,  and  is  twice  the  size  of  that  hook.  It  adds 
to  the  stem  the  syllable  Ter,  Der,  or  Ther. 

Peter,  platter,  potter,  splutter,  beater,  bather,  bitter,  bother, 
blotter,  braider,  tighter,  traitor,  tatters,  chatter,  crater,  clatter,  gaiter. 

a,  b.  Patters,  praters,  bothers,  braiders,  blotters,  daughters, 
debtors,  caters,  glitters.  Battering,  pottering,  tottering,  chattering, 
glittering,  clattering,  guttering. 


THE  M-HOOK — THE  TION-HOOK.  87 

c.  Upon-all-their.  About-what-they-are.  At-all-their.  Do-' 
tlieir-best.  Change-their.  Can-there-be  ?  Go-there. 

Sec.  21.  The  M-Hook. — This  is  also  a  large  hook,  and  is 
made  on  the  F-hook  side  of  any  straight  stem,  or  on  the  inside  of  a 
curved  stem.  Make  it  short  and  broad. 

Palm,  prim,  prime,  plum,  balm,  bomb,  broom,  bloom. 
Brim,  team,  tame,  tomb,  trim,  tramway.  Dim,  dumb,  dream,  dram, 
chum,  chime.  Jim,  gems,  jam,  calm,  comb,  cam,  crime,  clime, 
crumb,  chrome.  Gleam,  groom,  grim,  gloom,  fame,  foam,  vim. 
Thumb,  them,  sachem,  shame,  sham,  limb,  lame,  loam.  Slam,  lime, 
arm.  rim,  room,  roam,  rhymes.  Maim,  ma'am,  mum,  mummery, 
name,  gnome. 

a.  Primes,  brooms,   blooms,   teams,   trims,   dreams,    chimes, 
gems,  crimes,  clams,  foams,  shames,  slams,  maims,  names.     Prim- 
ing, teaming,  chiming,  charming,  foaming,  shamming,  naming. 

b.  Premium,  delirium,  encomium,  equilibrium,  emporium. 

c.  Upon-him.    It-may-be.    What-time.    Watch-him.    For-him. 
"\Vith-him.     At-that-time.     Did-you-make-known.     For-my-sake. 

d.  By-their-own.     Better-than.     Rather-than.     Upon-my-own. 
Ever-have-been.     We-have-been.     For-my-own.     At-their-own. 

1.  He-was  commissioned  soon  after-he-was  nominated.  2.  The- 
commissioner  did-not  discriminate  between  ihe-memoranda  whiclt- 
were  produced.  3.  I-was  familiar  with  the-/ 'amity,  ior-some-timt. 

4.  They-will  themselves  make-a  memorandum  of  the-minimum  price. 

5.  They  cannot -be  forced  to  criminate  themselves. 

Sec.  22.     The  Tion-Hook.— Make  the  circle  small,  and  draw 

the  back-hook  close  to  the  stem. 

Potion,  passion,  option,  edition,  addition,  auction,  caution, 
occasion,  action.  Fashion,  fusion,  evasion,  vision,  ovation,  session, 
elision,  elation,  illusion,  allusion.  Oration,  erosion,  ration,  mission, 
emotion,  nation,  notion,  unction.  Petition,  palliation,  pollution,  ablu- 
tion, ebullition,  tertian,  education,  adoption,  devotion,  admission. 
Delusion,  adulation,  adoration,  ejection,  junction.  Fiction,  affec- 
tion, faction,  affliction,  function.  Vacation,  avocation,  variation, 
location,  legation,  elevation,  erection.  Irrigation,  rotation,  imita- 
tion, magician,  monition,  ammunition,  notation,  invasion. 

Potions,  editions,  cautions,  actions,  fashions,  visions,  sessions, 
allusions,  portions  (P.Rsns),  narrations. 

Expansion,  detention,  declension,  pension,  abstention,  suspen- 
sion, tension,  extension,  distension. 

b.  Professional,  optional,  exceptional,  educational.  Devo- 
tional, sectional,  factional,  functional,  emotional,  national,  notional. 
Petitioner,  stationary,  dictionary,  auctioneer,  electioneer,  visionary. 


HALVING. 

c.  Petitioned,  pensioned,  proportioned,  cautioned,  occasioned, 
motioned,  fashioned.     Proportionate,  affectionate,  passionate. 

d.  Causation,    accession,     accusation,    precision,    procession, 
physician,    cessation,    incision,    musician.     Accessions,    decisions, 
processions.     Processional,  sensational. 

e.  f.     Transition,   concession  (Knssn),   dispensation,    condensa- 
tion   (with    Con-dot),     compensation,     organization.      Transitional. 
Fusionist,  visionist,  factionist,  elocutionist. 

1.  Before  the  decision,  there- was  much  opposition  to-his  occupa- 
tion of  ihe-position  in  ike-organization  for-which-he  had-been  given 
the-nomination.  2.  It-is-my-recottection  that  foe-adoption  of  the- 
resolution  by  ihe-institution  was  conditional  upon  ihe-continuation  of- 
his  connection  with  the-denomination.  3.  Additional  information 
comes  to  our  attention,  which  fixes  i\\e-conmction  that  ihe-contention 
of -that  portion  of  ihe-denomination  will-be-sure  to  take  from  him  the 
possession  of  that  position. 

Sec.  23.  Halving. — The  student  will  recognize  the  importance 
of  making  his  stems  accurate  in  length,  that  he  may  have  no  diffi- 
culty in  distinguishing  half-lengths.  It  is  also  necessary  that  care 
be  taken  to  make  the  different  •  hooks  and  circles  of  proper  size,  on 
half-lengths.  The  first  position  for  half-lengths,  is  at  the  height  of 
a  T-stem  above  the  line ;  and  the  third  position  is  immediately  below 
but  touching  the  line  of  writing.  (Line  17,  page  71.) 

Peat,  pet,  pat,  bead,  bid,  bud,  bowed,  taught.  Tight,  deed, 
date,  dude,  cheat,  chat,  jawed,  caught,  coat.  Cute,  gait,  goad,  get, 
God,  good,  fate,  fought,  fat,  foot.  Evade,  vat,  vied,  vowed,  viewed, 
east,  oust,  eased,  oozed.  Sheet,  shoot,  shot,  shut,  load,  laid,  let,  lot, 
light,  allowed,  art,  heart,  erred.  Rate,  wrought,  wrote,  write,  rut. 
Meet,  made,  might,  need,  note,  weed,  wait,  wooed,  yacht. 

Pride,  plate,  pained,  puffed,  pattered,  palmed,  supped.  Braid, 
blood,  bend,  abaft,  sobbed.  Treat,  told,  tuned,  tuft,  sighted.  Dried, 
addled,  dunned,  daft,  dimmed,  sodded.  Cheered,  chained,  chilled, 
achieved,  chimed,  chattered,  charred.  Joined,  jammed.  Cried,  cold, 
conned,  coughed,  catered,  calmed,  skate,  scanned.  Agreed,  glad, 
gained,  gift,  gathered,  gummed.  Fright,  flat,  faint,  fifed,  fumed, 
soft,  feats.  Averred,  valued,  vend,  saved,  vats,  vents.  Threat, 
thinned,  theft,  thumbed,  soothed.  Shield,  shunned,  shift,  shamed, 
shoots.  Lord,  lined,  left,  loomed,  lights,  slight.  Errand,  armed, 
arts,  seared.  Rolled,  round,  rift,  roomed,  rights.  Mind,  muffed, 
maimed,  meets.  Neared,  knifed,  named,  needs.  Word,  wield, 
wind,  waved,  swayed.  Yield. 

a.  Sent.  Send.  Let.  Laid.  Lent.  Lend.  Met.  Made. 
Meant.  Mend.  Hurt.  Heard. 


HALVING — LENGTHENING — SPECIAL   RULES.  89 

d.  "\Vheu  it  is  desired  to  distinguish  the  sounds  of  T  and  D,  in 
halving  Ray  (as  in  the  words  fort  andfoj'd),  the  stem  may  be  slightly 
shaded  for  the  latter  sound. 

Pillared,  feared,  veered,  leered,  laird,  lard,  lured,  fort,  ford, 
afford,  lowered,  mired.  Kindred  (KndjRd1),  covered  (Kv.Rd). 

e.  Motive,  talkative,  active,   ablative,   operative,   susceptive, 
adjective,    elective,     captive,    negative,    provocative,    speculative, 
lucrative,   figurative,    defective,    productive,    native,    destructive, 
irruptive. 

f.  Upon-the-occasion.     Pay-the-rnoney.     By-the-time.     Bef  ore- 
it-came.      At-the-same-time.     To-the-master.      Did-it-mean.      Had- 
the-time.     Can-it-be.     For-it-was-not.     Of-the-service.     Any-of-the- 
tiuie.     Some-of-it.     Part-of-the-time  (Pft3M).     Give-to-him. 

g.  What-did-he.     He-did-not  (Hd'Nt).    She-did-not.    You-did. 
That-did.     We-did.     They-did.     When-did-you-go  ?    Why-did-you- 
leave  ?     Where-did-he-live  ?     How-did-you  ?     In-what-way.     For- 
what-purpose  (FtPr).     From-what-time. 

I.  According-to-his  statement,  they-had  ^-particular  opportunity 
to  understand  what-the  gentleman  meant,  but  notwitfistanding-ihat, 
it-seemed  that  nobody  in-the  neighborhood  quite  understood  it.  2.  You- 
will-not  need  it  immediately.  3.  I-sha\\-be-abk-to  build  ihe-building 
toward  fall.  4.  A-gwd-man  might-be  somewhat  negligent,  but  he- 
could-not-be  guilty  of -such  neglect  as-that.  5.  Anybody  would  accept 
such-an  opportunity,  I-&m-pretty-sure,  except  an-individual  mentally 
deficient  (DfSh),  by  nature,  as  he-seems  to  be.  6.  ^^-expenditure 
was-not  under  a-hundred-dol\&r.s. 

Sec.  24.  Lengthening. — Father,  finder,  flounder,  vendor, 
thither,  aster,  asunder,  shatter,  shouter,  slighter,  slender,  laughter, 
ardor,  mother,  smatter,  mentor,  another,  wonder,  hunter,  reenter,  in- 
ventor, dissenter,  defender. 

Frequenter,  enchanter,  taunter,  encounter,  plunders,  blinders, 
glanders. 

b.  Been-there.  Done-there.  Cannot-there.  Gone-there.  For- 
there-has-been  (Ftrsn).  Have-there-been.  Of-their.  Thought-there. 
With-their.  See-there.  May-there.  In-there.  Without-their.  When- 
they-are.  The-other  (Dhtr).  Some-other  (sMtr). 

Sec.  25.  a. — Rented,  gifted,  wounded,  dated,  goaded,  intend- 
ed, cheated,  invited,  rotated,  coated,  estimated,  separated.  Potted, 
braided,  budded,  shouted,  spotted,  mended,  vaunted,  shunted. 
Ascended,  hated,  landed,  counted,  banded,  weeded,  tufted.  Lighted, 
plotted,  omitted,  blighted,  surrounded,  invaded,  rewarded. 

Posted,  boasted,  breasted,  toasted,  twisted,  digested,  detested, 
jested,  coasted,  crested.  Manifested,  feasted,  invested,  harvested, 
listed,  ballasted,  arrested,  wasted. 


90  SPECIAL  RULES  AND  SUGGESTIONS. 

In  the  following  words,  the  past  tense  is  indicated  by  using  a 
half-length  T  preceded  by  the  circle  and  R-hook  ;  as,  PsTrd  : 

Pestered,  plastered,  blistered,  blustered,  registered.  Festered, 
bolstered,  mastered,  mustered. 

h.  Destruction,  distraction,  obstruction,  abstraction,  applica- 
tion, attainment,  assignment,  contract,  attract,  contraction,  attraction, 
achievement,  fact,  effect,  afflict,  affliction,  darkness,  electricity, 
obligation. 

Consonants  may  often  be  omitted  in  other  classes  of  words  than 
those  heretofore  mentioned,  but  the  writer  should  be  governed  by 
the  rule  that  nothing  should  be  omitted  which  is  essential  to  the 
perfect  legibility  of  the  outline.  It  is  generally  safe  to  omit  a 
consonant  which  is  sounded  but  slightly,  if  a  better  outline  may  be 
secured  by  so  doing.  The  following  examples  will  suggest  the 
proper  application  of  this  expedient : 

Mostly,  MsZ/.  Postal,  PsL.  Specification,  sPsFsn.  Ratifica- 
tion, m3Fsn.  Attempt,  TMt.  Dumped,  DMt.  Anxious,  NgShs3. 
Sanction,  sNgsn3.  Assumption,  S3Msn.  Improvement,  MPr3Mnt. 
Slightest,  sZtst1.  Brightest,  Brtst'.  Chamber,  ChBr.  Timber,  TBr. 
Lumber,  ZmR.  Slumber,  sZmR.  Intelligence,  NtJns.  Arrange- 
ment, RMnt.  Typewriter,  TJftr.  Inspect,  NsPt.  Reject,  HJt. 
Forgiven,  FGn. 

I.  Where  the  stem  Ng  can  be  used  as  conveniently,  the  back- 
hook  should  not  be  used  for  the  termination  -ing. 

Premising,  epitomising,  prancing,  debasing,  dispensing,  danc- 
ing, chastising,  temporizing,  transposing,  endorsing  (NdRsn), 
surmising,  using. 

Proceeding,  prickling,  prevailing,  sprinkling,  breathing,  dump- 
ling, shearing,  shelving. 

m.  Came-to-Syracuse.  Difficult-to-understand.  Brought-it- 
to-me.  About-to-be.  Soon-to-begin.  Sure-to-be-able-to.  Hope-to- 
be-there.  Give-that-to-them.  Trouble-to-change. 

Strange  to-say.  Willing  to-state.  Read-it  to-him.  Show-it 
to-her.  Good-news  to-all-men.  Given  to-you.  Went  to-the-market. 
Gone  to-their-house. 

I.  It-is-to-be  hoped  that  intelligent  and-independent  electors  will- 
not  forget-the/«c<  that-such-men  are  behind  ihe-movement.  2.  With- 
in a-day-or-two,  we-shall-have  ^.-contract  for-a  large  quantity,  which- 
we  hope  will-have  the-effect  of  attracting  trade.  3.  They-had  no 
authority-io-direct  that-it-should-be  examined.  4.  He  remarked,  with- 
regard-to-ilie  new  supply  of  water,  that-it  would-be-a  year-or-ttco 
before-it-could-be  obtained.  5.  It-is  frequently  mentioned  among-his 


PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES— PHRASING.  91 

acquaintances,  yet  he-continues-to-act  without-regard-to-the  importance 
of-the-subject.  6.  It-was  decreed  that -the  convict  should-be  subjected 
to-a  punishment  measured  by  the  grade  of-his  crime. 

Sec.  26.  Prefixes  and  Affixes. — Accommodate.  Competi- 
tion, contrition,  concussion.  Unconfined,  incumbency,  recognize. 
Controvert,  countermand,  contradict.  Foreborne,  forward.  Instru- 
ment, unsalable.  Introduction,  introvert,  enterprise.  Magnetism. 
Relator.  Selfabased,  selfdenial.  Thereby,  therefor,  thereafter. 
Unable,  invincible.  Seasonableness.  Docketed,  tidied,  dictated. 
Essential,  penitential.  Whichever,  whosoever,  whensoever.  There- 
fore, uniform.  Thankful,  wrongful.  Disdainful,  graceful,  brim- 
ful, sinful.  Impressing,  pottering,  dreaming,  removing.  Drawing. 
Provokingly,  exceedingly.  Trying-a,  growing-an.  Drawing-the, 
raking-the.  Beings,  doings.  Probability,  popularity.  Visibility, 
legality,  minority,  rascality,  neutrality.  Boundlessness,  worthless- 
ness.  Sacramental.  Doxology.  Typographer,  bibliography.  Him- 
self, itself,  for-itself,  themselves.  Lordship.  Cleanly,  sorely. 

Disjoined  stems  must  be  written  very  near  the  remainder  of  the 
outline. 

Sec.  27.  i.  In-this-statement,  NThssTtMnt.  For-example, 
FsMPl.  1-may -as-well,  p^isL.  In-writing,  Nrt'Ng.  Hand-writing, 
Nrt3Ng.  At-any-rate,  TNrt.  At-all-events,  TlvNts.  At-length, 
Tin.  Most-likely,  MsZKl.  Most-of-the-time,  MsM.  It-must-be, 
TMsB.  Some-of-the-time,  sMM.  According-to-my-recollection, 
Krd'Mfen,  Some-other,  sMtr.  In-the-conversation,  KtVssn.  Are- 
engaged,  .Kn3G.  I-call-your-attention,  £»KlYsn.  Called-my-attention, 
Kld'Msn.  In-that-season,  NThssn3.  In-his-house,  Nss1.  I-don't- 
know-as-I-do,  rDnNsD.  What-is-the-matter,  Ts'Mtr.  Lake-street, 
.Z/Kst.  In-my-store,  N'Mstr. 

q.  Upon-him.  With-him.  Offend-him.  Lend-him.  Attend- 
him.  Pain-him. 

r.  By-himself.  To-himself.  For-himself.  With-himself. 
Against-himself. 

s.  At-one.  But-one.  Each-one.  Which-one.  Any-one.  No- 
one.  Long-one.  Every-one.  Either-one.  Other-one.  Only-one. 

t.  The-base-is.  The-case-is.  Buys-his.  Knows-his.  It-is-as- 
large. 

u.  In-the-spring.  In-the-summer.  In-the-same-place.  In-con- 
sideration  of-that. 

v.  It-should-be.  I-should-think.  He-should-not-have.  We- 
should-not. 

w.  I-have  (rfv1).  I-say.  He-is.  He-has.  On-his.  All-is.  All- 
has-been.  Who-were.  Who-will.  Who-have.  Who-is  (or  has). 

x.  Piece-of-land.  What-time-of-day.  State-of-Maine.  Justice- 
of-the-peace  ( JsPs). 

y.  20  or  30.  17  or  18  hundred-dollars.  From  7  to  10.  Between 
5  and  6  thousand. 


WORDS   ENDING   WITH   L. 


The  figures  give  the  positions  of  the  outlines.    The  signs  indicated  by  small  capitals 
should  be  inserted. 


HOOK  L. 

Comply,  ply,  plea. 
People,  compel,  play. 
Apply,  apple,  plow. 
Belong-ed,  by  all. 
Belief-ve-o,  ablc-y. 
Blue,  blew,  about  all. 
Tall,  what  will. 
Till,  tell,  it  will,  at  all. 
Tool,  to  all,  but  will. 
Idol,  idle,  idyll,  did  all. 
Deliver-ed-y,  do  all. 
Addle,  bad  all. 
Each  will,  watch  all.    . 
Children,  which  will. 
Much  will,  charge  all. 

Angel. 

Largely,  agile. 

Equal-ed,call,kill,cl<)Y 

Claim-ed,  coal,clay-ey. 

Clerk,  cool,  clue. 

Eagle,  glee. 

Ugly,  ogle. 

Glue. 

Fill,flEE,flaw,awful-ly 

Fell,  HAY,  flow. 

Full-y,  flue,  flew. 

Evil,  of  all. 

Oval. 

Value. 

Little. 

Lull. 

*Rely,  real-ly,  or  all. 
*Rail,oral-ly,there  will. 
*Rule,  are  all. 
f  From  all. 
tBarL 


May  all. 

Mai. 

In  all. 

Only,  null,  know  all. 

Knew  all. 

Wall,  awhile. 

Wool-ly. 

When  will. 
How  will. 


DOWNWARD  L. 
Pall,  ap-peal,  pile,  pill. 
Pale,  pail,  pole,  poll. 
Pull,  pool. 
Ball,  bill,  boil,  bile. 
Bale,  bail,    bell,    bowl. 
Bull,  buhl. 
TEal,  tile,  toil. 
Tale,  tail,  toll. 
Towel. 

Deal,  doll,  dial,  ideal. 
Dale,  dole,cONdole,  dell. 
Dual,  duel, dowel,  [dull. 
Chill. 


Congeal,  gill. 
Jail. 

Jewel,  jowl. 
Commonly,  keel,  chvle. 
Kail.  caul,  coil. 

Gall,  gill,  guile. 
Gale,  goal,  gull. 
Ghoul. 

Feel,  fall,  flle,  foil. 
Fail,  foal. 
Fool,  fuel,  fowl. 
Veal,  vile,  viol,  vial. 
Avail,  veil,  vale. 
Vowel,  avowal. 


*Reel,  rill,  royal. 
*Rowel. 

Timely. 


Kneel,  Anneal,  nil. 
Nail,  knell, knoll,  Annul. 
Annual-ly. 
IWeaL 

UWail,  well  (of  water.) 

IHeal,  haul,  hall,  hill-y. 
HHail,  hale,  hell,  hull. 
IHowL 


UPWARD   L. 

Pillow. 

Haply. 

Happily,  pulley. 

Belie,  bailee,  by-law. 

Below,  bellow,  belay. 

Bully. 

At  law. 

Tallow,  tally,  outlaw. 

Differently,  Ideally,  Oddly. 

Daily,  dahlia,  delay. 

Dally,  duly. 

Chilly. 


Jolly. 
Jelly. 
July. 

Common     law,     collie, 
Lkey-HOle. 
Coolie,  callow. 

Gala,  gaily,  gully. 

Galley. 

Filly,  folly. 

Folio,  fellow,  follow. 

Fallow. 

Villa,  volley. 
Heavily. 
Valley,  uvula. 
Leal,  loyal,  lily,  loll. 
Lowly,  ill-will. 

'Royally. 

*Relay. 

*Hally. 

JAerial,  aurelia. 

*Early,    airily,    airnole, 

(Hourly.  [oriel. 

Meal-y,  mall,  mill,  mile. 

Mail,    melee,     mellow, 

Mallow,  mule.       [mole. 

Nolle. 

Inlay,  nulla. 

Newly. 

Wile-y,  willow. 

Waylay. 

Wallow. 

Holly. 

Hollow,  holloa,  halo. 

Hallow,  halloo. 


*  Written  with  Ray.       +  Written  with  Ar.       *  Ar-Lay.       II  Written  with 
semi-circle.       1  Written  with  H-tick  and  Lay. 


WORDS   ENDING   WITH   R. 


The  figures  give   the  positions  of  the  outlines.    The  signs  indicated  by  small  capitals 
should  be  inserted. 


HOOK  R. 

Appear,  proper,  pry. 
Upper,  pray,  prey,pro. 
Practice,  prow. 
Liberty. 
Remember. 

Brother,  number,  brE\v. 
Internal,  tree,  Eater. 
Truth,  tray,  utter. 
True,  outer,  CQNtra. 
Dear,  dry,  draw,  Eider. 
Doctor,  dray,  odor. 
During1,  dark,  drew. 
Watcher,  cheer. 
Etcher,  chair. 
Char. 
Conjure. 
Adjourn-ert. 
Jury,  larger,  junior. 
Decree,  crAW,  cry. 
Care,  occur,  concur. 
Car,cure,erew,accrue. 
Agree,  degree,  augur. 
Gray,  grow,  ogre. 
Grew. 

Offer,  free,  fry. 
Fray,  fro,  confer. 
Affray. 
Over,  of  her. 
Every,  very.  Hover. 
Aver. 
Wisher. 
Usher. 
Sure,  shrew. 
Lawyer. 


tOr  were. 

tRailroad,  there  were. 

IIFrom  her. 

IIError,  where  were. 

Mere. 

More,  aimer.  Hummer, 

Mar,  humor. 

Near,  nor,  honor,  in- 

Manner.  [ner, 

Owner. 

We  were. 

Work. 


DOWNWARD  R. 

COM-peer,  pier,  pyre. 
Corn-pare,  pour,  payer. 
Happier,  poor,  power. 
Beer,  bier,  buyer,      [er. 
Bear,  bore,  burr,  obEY- 
Bar,  boor,  bower. 
Tier,  tear,  at-tire. 
Tare,  tear,  tore. 
Tar,  coN-tour,  tower. 
Deer,  coivimodore,  dire. 
Dare,  doer,  door,  adore. 
Dower. 

Chore. 

Jeer,  objector. 

Ajar. 

Jar,  adjure. 

Core,  corps,  cohEir.  Curry. 

Cower.  Carry. 

Gear,  giver.  Augury. 

Gore,  goer.  Gory. 

Fear,  A-fire.  Fiery,     [furrow,  furry. 

Af-i'air,  A-l'ore,  fur,  fir.    Fairy,  faro,  foray,  ferry, 


UPWARD   R. 
Opera,  pariAH,  peri. 
Apiary. 
Pure,  parry. 
Borrow. 

Bury,  burrow,  borough. 
Barrow, bureau,bowery 
Tyro,  tiara. 
Terra,  tory. 
Tarry. 

Diarrhoea,  diary. 
Dairy,  dory. 
Dowry. 
Cheery. 
Chary,  cherry. 


Fewer,  A-f ar. 
Veer. 
Conveyor. 
Viewer,  avower. 
Sheer,  shear,  shire. 
Share,  A-shore,  shower. 
Shower,  assure. 
Liar,  lier,  lyre,  leer. 
Lair,  layer,  lower,  lore.    *Allayer. 
Lure,  lower  (to  threaten)  *Allure. 
tOrrery. 


Farrow,  fury. 

Ivory. 

Vary,  Aviar3',  ovary. 

Avowry. 

Sherry. 
Showery,  ashery. 


When  were. 
How  were. 


TArrear,  from  our. 
TWhere  our. 

Mire. 
,    Mayor,  mare,  myrrh. 

Moor,  amour. 

Nigher,  annoYer. 

Ne'er. 

Newer,  inure. 

Wire,  weir. 

Wore,  wear,  a-ware. 

Wooer. 

War  (with  semi-circle.') 
•H-Hire,  higher. 
ttHair-Y,  hour. 
ttHewer. 


$Aurora. 
**Rear. 
**Roar,  rower,  rare. 

Miry,  morrow. 

Mower,  Emery,  merry. 

Marry,  marrow. 


Narrow. 
Wiry,  we  are. 
Worry,  wary. 


ttHero, 

ttHoary,  hurry. 
ttHarrow. 


*El-Ar.          t  Written  with  Ray. 
tAr-Ar.       **  Ray-Ray.       •Hll-tick. 


*Ar-Ray. 


II  Written  with  Ar. 


ILLUSTRATIVE    PHRASES. 


All  the  other,  bDhtr 
All  we  were  doing,  bunuDng 
Although  it  is  not  much  more  than 
[bDhtsNtChMn 
Although  we  were,  bDhww 
Always  has  been,  Wssn1 
Am  not  to  be,  Mn'B 
And  his  wife,  ksF1 
And  so  forth,  fcsaF 
And  is  the,  JtscTi1 
Another  way,  Ntrw 
Any  other  way,  Nj'W 
Any  part  of  it,  NPft1 
Anything  further,  NNgFtr 
Are  you  aware,  By'Wr 
Are  you  certain  about  it,  Rys3RtBt 
As  matter  of  fact,  sMtraFt 
As  far  as  possible,  sFs'Ps 
As  far  as  they  have  been,  sFs'Dhvn 
As  it  has  been,  Ztsn8 
As  it  seems  to  me,  Zts'MsM 
As  soon  as  you  have  been,  ssNsa  Yvn 
As  to  what  would  be,  Zt*wwB 
As  we  have  been,  saWvn 
As  you  have  stated,  s'Yvst 
Ask  his  attention,  SKsTsn 
At  my  office,  TmFs 
At  or  about  the  time,  TrBtM 
At  some  time  or  other,  TsMnxRtr 
At  the  present  time,  TtPrsM 
Attract  (ed)  my  attention,  Trt*Msn 
Because  we  have,  Ka*wV 
Best  of  my  recollection,  BsMRsn 
Best  recollection,  BstBsn 
Board  of  trade,  BrdTrd 
Branch  of  the  case,  BrNChtKs 
Brother  in  law,  Br3Nl 
Burden  of  proof ,  BrdPrf 
But  as  has  been,  Tssn9 
But  you  may  have  been,  Ty'Mvn 
By  the  way,  BtlW,  or  Btw1 
By  virtue  of,  B'Vr 
Call  forth,  Klf » 
Call  my  attention,  KIMsn1 
Call  their  attention,  Kltrsn1 
Call  your  attention,  KlYsn 
Come  (Came)  away,  Kw 
Came  there,  Ktr 
Can  we  not,  Kwn* 
Can  you  state,  Kyst» 
Cannot  recollect,  KnR* 
Cannot  remember,  Kn'B 
Cannot  say,  Knss 
Cannot  state,  Knst* 
Cause  and  effect,  KsFt1 
Certain  circumstances,  sRtsTnss 
Clerk's  office,  KlssFs     [KltRl'sTnss 
Collateral  circumstances, 


Common  carrier,  KKflr1 

Common  council,  KKsI/1 

Could  not  (Couldn't)  say,  KdNts 

Could  not  tell  you,  KdNtLy 

Course  of  business,  KrsaBss 

Cross  examination,  Krssn1 

Did  he  ever  have,  Dr'Vv 

Did  you  ever  know,  Dyv'N 

Djd  you  have  any  conversation. 

Did  you  not  say,  Dyns1  [Dyv'N  vssn 

Did  you  not  state,  Dynst1 

Did  we  not  say,  Dwns1 

Difference  of  opinion,  Df 'Nn 

Direct  examination,  DrtsMsn 

Do  you  know  him,  Dy2Nm 

Does  he  ever,  DsrV 

Down  stairs,  Dnstrs* 

During  the  time,  Drt'M 

Each  of  them,  Cm^Dhm 

Easier  than,  Z»Rn 

Enclose  their,  NKlstr 

End  of  it  (the),  NdaVt 

Entitled  to  a  verdict,  NTVrd 

Et  cetera,  TsTB 

Everywhere  else,  VrRZ/s 

Faster  than,  Fstrn8 

For  an  instant,  FnNsTnt 

For  interest,  Fnt 

For  several  years,  FsVy 

For  some  time,  FsMm 

For  the  purpose  (of)  FtPr 

Friday  morning,  FrDM 

From  hour  to  hour,  R'-R 

From  time  to  time,  MM1 

Future  state,  F3Chrst 

Gave  it  to  them,  Gt2Dhm 

Glad  of  it,  Gld3Vt 

Good  deal  of,  GdaLv 

Greater  or  less,  Grt2I,s 

Had  been  there,  D3Btr 

Had  their  attention,  Dtrsn' 

Has  been  done,  saBnDn 

Has  been  stated,  saBnst 

Has  not  been  there,  sNt'Btr 

Have  had  the  opportunity,  Vd*c/iPrt 

Have  you  stated,  Vyst' 

He  had,  Hd» 

He  did  it,  Hdr1 

He  did  not  say  that,  HdNtsDh* 

He  did  not  state,  HdNtst1 

He  has  been,  chs'Bn 

He  has  been  there.  chs2Btr 

He  may  have  been,  c/iMva 

He  must  have  been,  e/iMstn 

He  said  to  me,  cTisDtM 

He  was  not  there,  cftZntr 

Her  testimony,  RtsMN 

Hope  to  find  it,  PtFndr 


ILLUSTRATIVE   PHRASES. 


How  are  we,  chRw* 

How  did  he,  Hdr» 

How  did  you  ever,  Hdjy'V 

How  have  you,  ch'Vy 

How  is  it,  Hst» 

How  long  after  that,  rNg»FDh 

How  long  before,  rNg'B 

How  long  have  you  been,  rNg'Bn 

How  long  have  you  resided  there, 

How  long  is  it,  rNgst'        [rNg'sDtr 

How  many  times,  cto'MNms 

How  much  money,  r'ChMN 

Human  life,  Mn'F 

I  am  certain,  pM'sJ?t 

I  am  not  in  the  habit  of,  pMn'NtBt 

I  am  not  positive,  pMn3Pst 

I  am  pretty  sure,  pM'PrtShr 

I  am  sure  there  is,  pM3Shrtrs 

I  believe  he  did  not  state,  pBlHdNtst 

I  believe  he  was  not  there,  pBlc/iZntr 

I  believe  they  did  say  that, 

[pBlDhdsDh 

I  call  your  attention,  pKlYsn 
I  called  his  attention,  pKldsTsn 
I  cannot  remember  the  time, 

[rKn'BtM 

I  could  not  say  positive! y,rKdN  tsPst 
I  could  not  tell  you,  rKd"NtLy 
I  do  not  remember  the  conversation, 
I  have  stated,  rVst8       [rDnBtVrssn 
I  heard  him  say  so,  tRdHsS 
I  know  about  the  time,  rN'BtM 
I  mean  to  be,  pMnB 
I  meant  to  say,  pMnt'S 
1  need  not  tell  you,  rNd'NtLu 
I  never  did  say  that,  rNvdsDh 
I  shall  have  been,  rShvn 
I  should  say  it  was,  rShaStZ 
I  suppose  you  did,  rsPsYd 
I  take  the  opportunity,  ?-TtPrt 
I  think  there  were,  rN ptrio1 
I  think  they  did,  rNg^hd 
I  want  to  know,  tWnt'N 
I  wish  to  know,  rSht>N 
I  was  not  there,  rZntr 
If  he  should  say,  F^hShs 
If  it  is  possible,  Fts»Ps 
If  it  were,  Ftw1 
If  she  did  not,  F»ShdNt 
If  there  were,  Ftrio* 
In  all  circumstances,  Nl'sTnss 
In  all  respects,  NlsPs 
In  all  such  cases,  Nl'sChKss 
In  all  they  did,  NPDhd 
In  continuation  (of),  NKnsn1 
In  his  judgment,  NsJ'Mnt 
In  other  words,  NjWds1 
In  point  of  fact,  N»PntFt 
In  the  afternoon,  NtF'Xn 
In  the  forenoon,  NtF'Nn 
In  the  month  of,  NtThv 

*Uee  the  loop  word-sign  for  I»  there . 


In  the  daytime,  NtDm 

In  the  night  time,  NtNtTm 

In  the  world,  NtlRld 

In  their  possession,  NtrPssn8 

In  what  position,  NtPssn 

In  your  opinion,  NyNn1 

Is  it  possible,  Zt'Ps 

Is  there  anybody,  strNBd1* 

Is  there  not,  strNt1* 

Is  to  be,  ZtlB 

It  has  been  stated,  TsBnst 

It  is  just  as  possible,  TsJstsPs 

It  may  as  well,  TMsI/ 

It  may  not  have  been,  TMnBn 

It  must  have  been,  TMstn 

It  will  not  be,  TlnB 

It  will  have  to  be,  TlvB 

Just  about  the  time,  JsBtM 

Just  after  they  did  it,  JstFDhdch 

Just  so,  JsS 

Just  such,  JssCh 

Knows  nothing  about  it,  NsNgBt 

Knows  that  we  were,  Ns'Dhwne 

Knows  we  were,  Ns'wnc 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  I/DsJnt 

Larger  than,  Jrns 

Last  spring,  J/s'HrNg 

Last  summer,  is'MB 

Last  time,  is'M 

Length  of  time,  Ng*  Vm 

Less  than,  Lsa. 

Let  us  be  sure,  J/tsBShr 

Long  before  the  time,  Ng'BtM 

Long  enough,  NgJNf 

Longer  than,  Ngrn1 

Lower  and  lower,  Z/RI/R 

Make  their  way,  MKtraW 

Makes  their,  MKstr 

May  also  be,  MiSB 

May  as  well  have  been,  MsX/vn 

May  be  certain,  M»Bs.Rt 

May  it  not  have  been,  >1t>NtBn 

May  sometimes,  MsMms 

May  therefore,  MtraF 

Mean  to  be,  MnB 

Might  have  been,  MtBn 

Might  not  have  been,  MtNtBn 

Monday  forenoon,  MNDfNn 

Month  or  two,  Thrt 

More  or  less  than,  Mrl/sn 

More  than  anybody  else,Mrn*NBdLe 

Most  of  the  time,  MsM 

Much  more,  Ch'M 

Must  also,  MsJ/S 

Must  have  been,  Mstn 

Must  have  known,  MsNn 

Must  not  say  that,  Ms'NtsDh 

Must  not  tell,  Ms'NtL 

National  bank,  Ns'Bn 

Necessary  consequence,  NssKns 

Need  not  say  anything,  Nd»NtsNNg 


ILLUSTRATIVE  PHRASES. 


Next  conversation,  NsaVssn 

No  connection,  NKnsn 

No,  sir,  it  is  not,  NsBtsNt 

Nobody  else,  NaBdLs 

Not  less  than,  NtLsn 

Not  to  my  knowledge,  Nt*-MN  J 

Not  to  my  recollection,  Nt'-MLRsn 

Nothing  else,  Ng2Ls 

Nothing  less,  Ngal/s 

Now  and  then,  NaDhn 

Nowhere  else,  N2RLs 

Objected  to,  as  immaterial,  Js'M 

Obj.  to,  as  incompetent,  Js1K 

Obj.  to,  asimm.  and  incom.,  Js'MK 

Obj.  to ;  overruled ;  exception, 

[JiVrBldsPsn 

Obj.  to ;  sustained ;  exception. 
Of  course  it  is,  V'Krsts  [.PssTtePsn 
Of  course  there  is,  V^Krstrs 
Of  his  own,  Vsn1 
Of  interest,  Vnt» 
Of  my  own,  Vmn1 
Of  the  sidewalk,  Vt'sDK 
Of  your  own  knowledge,  Vyn'NJ 
Of  yourself,  Vy^Lf 
Off  and  on,  Fnr1 
On  account  (of)  rKnt1 
On  any  other  account,  rNjKnt1 
On  one  occasion,  cftWnKsn 
On  that  date,  rDh'Dt 
On  the  contrary,  c/iTrR 
On  the  other  side  of  it,  rDhtrsDf  t 
Once  or  twice,  WsTs 
One  thing  and  another,  "WnNgNtr 
Or  otherwise,  .Rt^Ws  [Rd»NrsTnss 
Ordinary  circumstances. 
Ought  not  to  be,  T^B 
Ought  to  be  able  to,  TtJBBIt 
Ought  to  have  been,  T\rlBn 
Out  of  the  office,  Tvt3Fs 
Over  and  above,  VrJV 
Part  of  the  account,  Pft3Knt 
Peculiar  circumstances,  PKsTnss 
Per  annum,  PJBNm 
Per  cent.,  PJteNt 
Perhaps  they  did,  PrPsDhd 
Piece  of  land,  Ps>ind 
Place  of  residence,  PlsBsDns 
Plaintiff  and  defendant,  Pln^D 
Point  of  view,  Pn^V 
Post  mortem  examination,  PsMsMsu 
Post  office,  PsFs  [PrnNsVd 

Preponderance  of  evidence, 
Present  time,  PrsM 
Previous  to  that  time,  PrVsDhm 
Put  an  end,  Pn3Nd 
Question  of  fact,  Kw2Ft 
Question  of  law.Kv/I/ 
Quite  as  much,  KtsCh' 
Right  angle,  JRt'Gl 
Right  of  way,  RWw 


Sabbath  school,  sB'sKl 

Says  he  did,  SsHd 

Second  time,  sKndM 

Seems  likely,  sMs'iKl 

Seems  to  have  been,  SmsBn 

Several  times,  sVms 

Shall  become,  ShBK 

Shall  have  been,  Shvn 

Shall  we  be,  Shu-B 

She  did  so,  Shd>S 

She  never  did,  Sh*NVd 

She  said  it  was,  Sh^DtZ 

Short  time,  Shrt^M 

Should  not  have  been,  Sh'NtBn 

Should  say  so,  Shs3S 

Should  you  say  it  was  not,  Shy'StZn 

Side  by  side,  sD^D 

Sign  their  names,  sNtrNms1 

Since  his  death,  sNss'DTh 

Since  the  other,  sNs^htr 

Since  they  have  been,  sNsDhvn 

Sister  in  law,  Sstrn1!/ 

So  as  to  be,  SsB 

So  as  to  have  been,  SsBn 

So  far  as,  SFs 

So  you  may  as  well,  SyMsi 

Somebody  else,  sM2Bd_Ls 

Some  of  the  time,  sMM 

Some  other  time,  sMtrM 

Some  time  or  other,  sMmBtr 

Something  has  bn  said,  sMNgs2BnsD 

State  the  conversation,  stTtVrssn 

State  whether  it  is  or  not,  stWtsBn 

State  whether  or  not,  stWJJn 

State  whether  there  is  or  not, 

LstWtrsBn 

Standing  there,  sTndNgtr 
Subject  matter,  sBMtr 
Such  an  understanding, 

[sChnNdsTndNg 
Such  as  are  not,  sChsRn 
Such  as  were  not,  sChsRn 
Sunday  afternoon,  sNDftrNn* 
Sure  to  be,  Shrt3B 
Take  the  opportunity,  TtPrt 
That  did  it,  Dhdc/i3 
That  is  their  own,  Dhstrn3 
That  such  is  the  fact,  Dh3sChstFt 
That  there  has  been,  Dhtrsn* 
That  we  were,  Dhww3 
That  you  told  us,  DhysTlds 
The  next  conversation,  rNsaVssn 
The  other  side  of  it,  DhtrsDf  t 
The  others,  Dhtrs 
Their  own,  Rn 

Then  there  is,  Dhntrs      [BsNtChMn 
There  is  not  much  more  than, 
There  they  were,  RDbw 
There  will  be,  RIB 
There  will  have  been,  7?lBn 
They  have  stated,  Dhvst 


•The  imall  Italic  letters  tr  are  used  to  indicate  the  lengthening  of  a  straight  stem. 


ILLUSTRATIVE  PHRASES. 


They  have  nothing,  DhvNg 

They  say  they  did,  DhsDhd 

Think  it  has  been,  Ngtsn1 

Think  there  has  been,  Ngtrsn1 

This  cannot  be,  DhsKnB 

This  connection,  DhsKnsn 

Those  are  not,  Dhs3.Rn 

Those  that  were,  Dhs3Dhu> 

Though  it  had  not  been,  DhtDnBn 

Though  it  were,  Dhtw 

Though  there  were,  Dhtrw 

Though  we  were,  Dhtvio 

Three  or  four  times,  ThrFrMs 

Thursday  evening,  ThrsDv 

Thus  far,  ThsF 

Time  and  again,  MnGn1 

To  have  been,  TvsBn 

To  make  known,  Tm'Nn 

To  my  knowledge,  Tm3NJ 

To  the  present  time,  Tt3PrsM 

Too  far,  b2F 

Too  much,  52Ch 

Toward  us,  Trds 

Tuesday  night,  TsDn 

Under  side  of  it,  Nd2sDvt 

Under  the  circumstances  of  the  case, 

United  States,  Yss3        [Nd2sTnssKs 

Unless  there  is,  Nlstrs 

Until  they  are,  NtLtr 

Up  and  down,  PnDn 

Up  stairs,  Pstrs 

Up  to  that  time,  PtDhm 

Up  to  the  time,  PtM 

Upon  her  own  account,  Prn'Knt 

Upon  his  own,  Psn1 

Upon  the  subject  of,  Pt'sBv 

Upon  your  own,  Pyn1 

Valuable  consideration,  Vl3sDsn 

Verdict  for  the  defendant,  VrdD 

Verdict  for  the  plaintiff,  VrdPlnt 

Very  certain  of  it,  VrsBtVt 

Very  great  extent,  VrGrtsTut 

Very  little  more  than,  VritMrn 

Very  soon  after  that  time. 

Was  as  good,  ZsGd         [VrsNFDhm 

Was  he  ever,  ZrV 

Was  he  not,  ZrNt 

Wasn't  he,  Zne/i 

Ways  and  means,  WsMns 

We  changed,  wCh 

We  decline,  wDKln 

We  may  not  have  been,  W'MnBn 

We  might  not  be,  W>  MtNtB 

We  went  there,  W!Wntj 

Wednesday  morning,  WnsDM 

Week  or  two,  Krt1 

Well  known,  J/Nn 

Were  you  certain  of  it,  RysRtVt 

Were  you  not  informed,  RynNF 

West  line,  Wsin 

What  did  you  mean,  Tdjy>Mn 

What  do  you  mean,  TJDyMn 


What  of  that,  Tv'Dh 

What  is  his  business,  Tss1  Bss 

What  is  your  business,  Ts'Yss 

What  time  in  the  month,  Tm'NtTh 

What  time  in  the  night,  Tm'NtNt 

What  time  of  day,  TmlD 

What  time  of  night,  Tn^Nt 

What  was  the  occasion,  T'ZtKsn 

When  did  you  come,  Hdj/K 

When  do  you  say,  H2Dys 

When  it  has  been,  Htsn 

Where  are  they,  RBDh 

Where  did  you  go,  RdyG 

Where  there  has  been,  Rtrsn 

Where  were  you  going,  Rrj/G 

Whether  he  did  or  not,  WHd.Rn 

Whether  he  ever  did,  WrVd 

Whether  it  is  or  not,  WtsfJn 

Whether  it  has  been,  Wtsn 

Which  did  you  mean,  Chtj/Mn 

Which  have  been,  ChvBn 

Which  is  their  own,  Chstrn 

Which  it  might,  ChtMt 

Which  would  seem,  ChwsM 

Which  year  was  it,  ChyZt 

Which  you  may  not  remember. 

Who  came  there,  jKtr         [ChyMnB 

Who  are  they,  j2RDh 

Whoever  have,  j v2  V 

Who  has  been,  js2Bn 

Who  has  not  been,  jsNt2Bn 

Who  may  not  have  been,  JMn2Bn 

Who  were  away,  j'r2W 

Who  were  not,  j2Rn 

Who  would  not  have  been,  j'2WnBn 

Whose  was  it,  Z3Zt 

Why  are  we,  W1Riv 

Why  did  he  ever  have,  Wdr1  Vv 

Why  did  she,  WVSh 

Why  there  has  been,  Wtrsn1 

Why  he  did  not,  W^dNt 

Why  he  ever  did  it,  Wr1  Vetch 

Will  be  certain,  LBsRt 

Will  have  been,  Lvn 

Will  they  ever,  Z/Dhv 

With  all  its,  Dhlts1 

With  himself,  Dhms1 

With  interest,  Dhnt1 

With  its  own,  Dhtsn1 

With  which  it  is  not,  Dl^ChtsNt 

Within  their  own  knowledge. 

Without  interest,  Wnt»  [Dhntr'NNJ 

Worth  having,  Thvn 

Would  be  sufficient,  w2BsFsNt 

Year  and  a  half,  Y^F 

Yes,  it  is,  Ysts 

You  and  he,  YncTi3 

You  are  acquainted  (with),  Y'Kwnt 

You  have  seen,  Yv3sN 

You  have  stated,  Yvst3 

You  must  remember,  yMs2Br 

You  say  you  have  been,  Ys3Yvn 


READING    EXERCISES. 

EARLY   REPORTERS. 
Webster"1  s  Reply  to  Ilayne. >.  i — -    ^~c_^    -T* 


V 


Reporting  from  Memory. 


<:~^ 


/  *   c 


A  Doctored  Speech. 


FIRST  STEAMBOAT  PASSAGE  MONEY. 


99 


v 


,  •    1 

-«>-  ..... 


v      i, 


^ 


100 


A  CHARMING  CUSTOMER  IN  A  BANK. 


z_ 


r\ 


L 


'i 


•W>* 


zl 


THE  USE  OF  SIMPLE  WORDS. 


101 


^ — D     .     ^       ?  I        ( 

1   i.e>  i:  v, 


^/-^..^.^,J 


102 


A  TYPEWRITER  FORGERY. 


V 


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bx 


S 


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/     "^"  (  / 


I  L 
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i/-  — 
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/?     /^    ~>      C 


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CHARGE    TO    A    JURY. 


//, 
T  • 


,  -o      _p  c_«,_. 


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103 


104 


CHARGE  TO   A  JURY. 


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L  \  ,  ^  jL 


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CHARGE  TO  A  JURY. 


105 


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,  V,   , 


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106 


CHARGE  TO  A  JURY. 


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V  -  ^  ^  ^  ~r~ 

u      /   a/oS9zf      ^ 

/  I  / 


WRITING    EXERCISES. 


STENOGRAPHERS  IN  NEW  YORK.* 


There  are  many  hundred  stenographers  in  New  York  city,  and  the 
number  is  yearly  increasing.  Most  of  them  find  employment  as 
private  secretaries  and  in  offices  and  business  houses,  at  salaries 
ranging  from  twelve  to  fifteen  dollars  a  week  ;  or  as  reporters  of  law 
cases  tried  before  the  numerous  referees,  at  a  compensation  of  from  ten 
to  fifteen  cents  a  folio  of  one  hundred  words.  Occasionally,  an  expert 
is  hired  at  a  stated  salary  by  some  litigant  who  does  not  care  to  depend 
upon  the  official  stenographer  for  transcripts  of  the  proceedings  in 
trials  of  his  cases.  During  the  weU-knowa.  trial  of  Sharp,  the  defend- 
ant employed  two  stenographers  for  forty  days,  whom  he  paid  at  the 
rate  of  five  dollars  an  hour. 

Official  stenographers  in  the  New  York  courts  are  paid  a  salary  of 
$2,500  a  year,  with  additional  fees  for  transcripts  of  their  notes, 
making  about  $5,000  a  year — and  they  earn  it.  The  work  is  very 
severe,  in  long  trials,  for  the  record  of  a  day's  proceedings  must  be 
written  out  before  the  opening  of  the  court  on  the  following  day.  As 
soon  as  the  court  adjourns,  the  stenographer  hastens  to  his  office  with 
his  notes.  Of  course,  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  transcribe  them 
himself,  within  the  time  required,  butif  he  writes  a  legible  hand  Tie  can 
turn  over  his  original  notes  to  several  trained  copyists,  who  make  short 
work  of  it  while  he  seeks  the  rest  he  so  much  needs  to  prepare  him  for 
the  next  day's  work.  Few  of  the  older  stenographers  are  able  to  do 
this,  however,  on  account  of  careless  habits  of  writing  induced  by  the 
defective  systems  of  shorthand  they  employ  and  which  they  learned 
long  before  the  present  improved  and  logical  systems  were  published. 
Such  stenographers  are  compelled  to  dictate  portions  of  their  notes  to 
several  other  stenographers,  who  in  turn  dictate  their  own  notes  to  rapid 
typewriters,  the  official  stenographer  dictating  the  last  portion  of  his 
notes  to  another  typewriter ;  and  the  click  of  the  machines  and  the 
weary  monotone  of  the  stenographers'  voices  may  be  heard  far  into 
the  night.  Men  can  stand  a  few  weeks  of  such  work  at  a  time,  but  it  is 
sure  to  wear  them  out  at  last. 

Some  of  the  New  York  lawyers  are  very  rapid  speakers,  and  the  best 
stenographers  are  taxed  to  their  utmost  to  report  them.  It  is  said  that 

*Words-8;gns  and  contractions  are  printed  in  Italic. 

107 


108  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

many  average  nearly  two  hundred  words  a,  minute.  To  report  such 
speakers  for  any  length  of  time,  becomes  a,  question  of  endurance,  and 
many  of  the  best  stenographers  have  not  the  physical  strength  to  do  it. 

It  is  not  strange  that  mistakes  should  occasionally  be  made  by 
stenographers — indeed,  it  would  be  strange  if  they  were  not.  They 
generally  occur  from  misunderstanding  the  words  of  a  speaker,  or  from 
misreading  the  notes  in  tJie  hurry  of  transcription.  The  latter  is  most 
likely  to  cause  such  mistakes,  especially  where  it  is  necessary  to  dictate 
the  notes  to  other  stenographers.  Probably,  the  most  dangerous  mistakes 
are  occasioned  from  writing  the  same  outline  for  two  or  more  words 
which  the  context  will  not  aid  in  distinguishing.  Some  systems  of 
shorthand/wrm'sA  many  opportunities  for  such  mistakes,  as  where  the 
words  at  all  and  until  are  written  alike.  If  a  witness  should  testify,  for 
instance,  "I was  not  in  Brooklyn  UNTIL  the  first  of  March,"  tJie  most 
expert  reporter  or  copyist  from  such  a  system  might  readily  fall  into 
the  error  of  writing,  "/  was  not  in  Brooklyn  AT  ALL,  the  first  of 
March."  The  result  to  the  witness  might  be  by  no  means  pleasant,  if 
he  should  be  indicted  for  perjury  for  making  the  statement  thus 
attributed  to  him. 

Closely  associated  with  the  stenographers  in  their  work  is  a  vast 
army  of  typewriters,  most  of  them  ladies  of  education  and  culture. 
They  have  their  offices,  make  very  good  incomes,  and  live  well.  They 
have  a  uniform  scale  of  prices,  charging  five  cents  a  folio  for  a  single 
copy,  eight  cents  for  two  copies,  and  ten  cents  for  three.  Some  of 
them  become  very  expert  in  the  use  of  the  typewriter,  and  often  write 
at  the  rate  of  seventy-five  words  a  minute,  but  of  course  such  a  speed 
cannot  be  kept  up  for  any  great  length  of  time.  Many  of  these  ladies 
are  experts  in  shorthand,  and  are  able  to  take  dictation  from  official 
stenographers,  and  even  to  occupy  responsible  positions  as  reporters. 
They  are  able  to  earn  a  good  income,  frequently  as  high  as  from 
$1500  to  $2500  a  year.  Their  work,  like  that  of  official  stenographers, 
is  often  tedious,  but  it  is  generally  very  pleasant  and  satisfactory. 


THE  USE  OF  SIMPLE  WORDS. 

Through  life,  we  all  teach  and  we  all  learn.  This-world  is-a 
great  school,  where  we-find  what-is-good  and-what-is-bad,  and-thus 
are  made-ready  to  act  in-another-sphere.  What-we-are  at-the  end 
of-this  life,  we-shall-be  when-the  next50  begins.  We-must-therefore 
spare  no-pains  when  we-teach  others  or  ourselves.  We-teach  our- 
selves in-our  thoughts,  others  by-our  words  or  acts.  We-must  take 
care  to  think  and-speak  in-a-way  so-clear  that- we  do-not-cheat  or 
mislead  ourselves  by  vague  and-hazy100  ideas.  We-must  learn  to 


THE  USE  OF  SIMPLE  WORDS.  109 

think  In  words,  and  we-must  get  a-habit  of-using  them  in  thought 
with-the-same  care  with- which  we-speak  or  write  to  others.  Words 
give-a  body  and-form  to-our  thoughts,  without  which  they-are  apt 
to  be  so-dreamy  and-unreal150  that- we  do-not-see  where  they-are  weak 
or-false.  If-we  put-them  into-words,  we-shall  learn  how-much-of 
truth  there-is-in-them.  When  in-that  form,  we-can  turn  them  over 
in-our-minds.  If-we  write-them  out,  we-find  that  in-many-cases200 
the  ideas  we-thought-we-had  hold  of  fade-away  under-the  test.  If- 
they-do  prove  to  be  of-real  value,  they-are  thus  not-only  made  clear 
to-us  but-they-are  in-such-shape  that-we  may -make -them  clear  to 
others.  When  ideas  float2™  in-our-minds  and  we-are  in-doubt  about- 
them,  our  doubts  may  often  be-solved  by  talking  with-others,  for  if- 
we  state-them  clearly  we-see-the-truth  at-once.  It-is  what-we-say  to 
others,  in-most  cases,  that  settles  our  doubts,  not  what-they-say 
to-us.300 

We-must  not-only  think  in  words,  but-we-must-also  try  to  use- 
the  best  words,  words  which- will  most  clearly  put  into-the-minds  of 
others  the  ideas  which-are  resting  in-our-own  minds.  This-is-the 
great  art  to  be-gaiued  by-those-who  wish  to350  teach  in-the-school,  in- 
the-church,  at-the-bar,  or  through-the-press.  To-do-this  in-the 
right-way,  they  should  as-a-rule  use-the  short  words  which-we  learn 
in-early-life,  and-which-have-the  same-sense  to-all-classes  of-men. 
Those-are-the-best400  for-the-teacher,  the-orator,  and-the  poet. 

Look  at-what-has-been  said  in  prose  or  in-verse  that-has  come- 
down to-us  through-many-years,  and-you-will-find  that-it-is  in  short 
words.  Count  them  in  Gray's  Elegy,  and-you-will-find  that  a-large- 
share450  of-the- words  are  of-this-class.  The-English  of-the-Bible  is- 
good,  but  now-and-then  some  long  words  are-found,  and-they 
always  hurt-the  verse  in-which-you-find  them.  Take-that  which 
says,  ' '  O  generation  of- vipers,  who  hath  warned-you  to  flee  f rom- 
the-wrath500  to  come  ?"  There-is  one  word  which  ought-not-to-have- 
been  used — generation.  In-the-older  version  the- word  brood  is-used. 
When-the  verse  is  read  with-that  word  in-place  of-the-other,  its  full 
force  is-felt. 

In-your  thoughts  and  in-your  speech  use650  short,  plain  terms, 
and-you-will-find  your  meaning  will-be  much  clearer  to-yourself 
and-to-others.568 

NOTE.— The  above  exercise  is  an  excellent  one  for  dictation  practice,  as 
it  contains  the  simplest  words  only.  The  student  should  not  be  satisfied 
that  he  has  received  all  the  benefit  to  be  gained  from  it  until  he  is  able  to 
write  it  from  dictation  in  four  minutes. 

Words  to  be  joined  in  phrasing,  are  connected  by  hyphens.  When  to  is 
to  be  indicated  by  proximity,  it  is  printed  in  Italic. 


110  WRITING  EXERCISES. 


A  TYPEWRITER  FORGERY. 

Q. — If-you-were  required  to  examine  a-document  written  by- 
the-typewriter,  and-to-say  whether-or-not  all-the  sheets  contained 
in- it  were- written  upon-the-same- machine,  could-you-answer  with 
any  degree-of  positiveness  ?  A. — It-is-possible  that  two-machines 
may- write  so-nearly  alike  as-to-make-it  difficult  to  determine  upon- 
which-of-them  a-particular  sheet  was- written  ;  still  there-are  many 
little  marks-of  difference  in-the  writing-of  different-machines,  and- 
even  in-the  writing  of-the-same-machine  at  different-times  or  when 
used  by  different  operators,  by-which-an  expert  ought-to-be-able-to- 
say  with-some-certainty  whether-the  sheets  of-a  document  were- 
written  consecutively  upon-the-same-machine. 

Q. — I-show-you  exhibit  one,  and-call-your-attention  to  page  17 
of-that  document,  and-I  ask  whether  in-your-opinion  that  page  was- 
written  by-the-machine  which-wrote-the-other  pages  ?  A. — It-was- 
not  written  in-the-order  in-which-it-appears  here,  nor  by-the-same- 
person.  It-is-possible  that-it-may-have-been  written  by-the-same- 
machine,  but-it-must-have-been  at-a  different-time. 

Q. — Why-do-you-say  it-was-not  written  at-the-same-time  ?  A. — 
The-type  used  on-that  page  are-clean ;  many-of-the  letters  on-the- 
other  pages  are  filled  up.  This-is  especially  true  with-regard-to- 
the  letters  e  and  s  in-all-the-pages  preceding  and-following  17.  The- 
ribbon  on-that  page  is-not  so-much  worn  as-it-is  on-the-other  pages, 
and-the  writing-is  more  uniform  in-color,  but-that  is-to-be  partially 
accounted  for  by-the-fact  that-it-was-written  by  a-more-practiced 
writer.  The-type  seem  to  be  in  more-perfect  alignment,  while-the 
letters  t  and  e  are  badly  out-of  alignment  in-the-other-sheets.  The- 
letter  i  is  properly  centered  in  17  ;  in-the-other  pages  it-strikes  to- 
the-left  of-its  proper  position.  The-letter  p  stands  upright ;  in-the- 
other-sheets  it  leans  a-trifle,  owing  to-its-being  slightly  turned  in- 
the-bar.  The-margin  of  17  is  two-spaces  wider  than  in-the-remain- 
der  of-the-document. 

Q. — Upon- what  do-you  base-your-opinion  that-that  page  was- 
written  by-a  different-person  ?  A. — The-writer  of  '17  is-a  much- 
better  writer  than-the  person  who-wrote-the-other  pages.  His 
touch-is  more  uniform.  None  of-his-letters  over-ride  each-other,  as 
in-the-other  pages,  and-his  punctuation  marks  do-not  perforate  the- 
paper.  The-color  of -his  writing-is  more  uniform,  which-is  partially 
due  to-his  more-even  touch.  The-indentations  of-his  paragraphs 
are  six-spaces,  while-the-others  are  but  five.  He  uses  three-spaces 
between-his  sentences  ;  the-other  but  two.  He-places  a-space  after-a 
comma ;  the-other  does-not.  He  understands  the-rules-of-punctua- 


CHARGE  TO  A  JURY.  HI 

tion ;  the-other  does-not,  but-makes  many  mistakes.  A-very- 
noticeable  instance  of-that  is-the-fact  that  in  17  a-period  and-colon 
are-placed  after-the-words  "to-wit,,"  while-the-other  writer  always 
places  a-comma  af ter-them.  The- word  ' '  supersede  "  is  spelled  cor- 
rectly in  17,  but  I-have-noticed  three-places  in- the-other  pages 
where-it-is  spelled  with-the-letter  c  in-place-of-the  second  8.  For- 
the-figure  1,  in-the-paging  of  17,  a-lower-case  I  is-used,  while  a- 
capital  /is-used  for-the-same-purpose  in-all-the-other  pages.  For- 
these  reasons,  I-am -certain  that  page  17  was-not  written  by-the- 
person  who-wrote-the-other  pages. 


CHARGE  TO  A  JURY. 

Gentlemen-of -the- Jury :  In-the-case  about  to  be  submitted  to-you, 
you-have  a-duty  to  perform  which-is-as-important  as-that-of-the 
Court.  The-duties  of-the-jury  and-of-the-Court  are  distinctly  separ- 
ated. It-is-the  duty  of-the-Court  to  instruct-you  upon-all-questions- 
of-law,  and-first  of-all,  as- to- what  questions-of-fact  you-are  to  decide, 
and-it-is-your  duty  to  find  only  upon-such  questions-of-fact  as-shall- 
be  submitted  to-you  by-the-Court. 

In-this-case,  there-is  bufra  single-question-of-fact  for-your-consid- 
eration,  and-that-is-the  question  of-the  good-faith  of-the-transaction 
by- which  Palmer  received-the-draf  t  in-question  f rom-the  defendants. 
Several-questions-of-fact  have-been  alluded  to  by-counsel  in-your- 
presence,  which-you-will-not-be  called  upon  to  decide,  the-Court  hold- 
ing that-they-are  not-involved  in-this-action. 

The-question  whether  Palmer  was- the  owner  of -this  draft,  depends 
upon-the-question  whether,  in-receiving-it  from-the  defendants,  he- 
exercised  towards-them  that  good-faith  which  as-their  banker  he- 
was-bound  to  exercise,  or-whether-his  conduct  in-receiving-it  was-a- 
violation  of-that  good-faith.  The-question  whether-the  City  Bank 
was-a  holder  of -this  draft  for-value,  is-not  in-the-case.  Whatever 
was-sent  by-that  bank  to  Palmer,  was-sent  without  any-anticipation 
of-this  draft,  and  without  any-knowledge  that-such  a-draft  was  in- 
existence  or-ever  would-be,  or-whether  it-would-ever-be  offered  to 
them.  I- instruct-you,  therefore,  that-the  City  Bank  was-not  a-holder 
of-the-draft  for-value. 

I-further  instruct-you  that-the-plaintiffs  in-this-case  were-not 
holders  of-the-draft  for-value.  The-law  in-regard-to-the  title  to  com- 
mercial paper  is  well  settled  and-well  understood.  A-person  who 
takes  commercial  paper  before  by-its-terms  it  becomes-due,  without 
notice  of-any-defense  existing  against-it,  paying  value  for-it  at-the- 
time-he  takes-it,  holds-it  discharged  of-all-defenses  which-can-be  set 


112  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

up  against-it  by-the-maker  of-lhe-paper.  These  three  things  are- 
necessary,  however,  in-order-that-the  holder  of-such  paper  shall  thus 
hold -it  independent  of -defenses:  That-he  shall  take-it  in-good-faith; 
that-he  shall  take-it  for- value — for-a  consideration  parted  with  for- it; 
and-that-he-  shall  thus  take-it  before-it  becomes-due.  In-this-case, 
there- was-no  parting  with-value for-the  paper  [p.  104],  and-no  pretense 
of-it,  or,  at-least,  but-a  mere-pretense.  When-the-cashier  of-the- 
bank  said  to-the  agent  of-the-plaintiffs,  "Here-are  papers  to-the- 
amount  of-your-deposits,  and  here-is-a-check  for-you  to  sign  for- 
your-balance,"  did-the-plaintiffs  pay  anything  for-the  securities  that- 
were  at-that-time  delivered  to  them  ?  Not-a-dollar.  He-was-asked 
to  give-his-check,  and-he  gave-it  to  stand  over  against-this  payment ; 
but-the  turning  out  of-those  securities  was,  in-point-of-fact  and-in- 
point-of-law,  a-mere  payment  of-a  liability  which  previously  existed 
on-the  part-of-the-bank  to-the-plaintiffs — and-the  turning  out  of- 
commercial  paper  in-payment  of-a  preexisting  liability  is-not  a- 
transfer  for-value.  Such-is-the  law.  It  does-not  pay-it,  and-unless- 
the  transfer  prove  to  be-good,  the-creditor  still  has-his  claim  upon- 
the-original  indebtedness.  Suppose  a-man  comes  to-you  with-a  note 
of-a  hundred-dollars,  apparently  good,  and-offers-it  to-you  in-pay- 
ment of-a  debt,  and-you  accept-it — unless-that  note  is 'collectible,  it 
does-not  pay-the-claim,  and-you  still  have-the-right  to  proceed 
against-the-debtor  upon-the-original  demand.  It-is  given  to-you  in- 
payment of-that  existing  indebtedness,  and-you  take-it  only  upon 
condition  that-it-is  good  and-collectible.  When-you-seek  to  enf  orce- 
it,  if-the-makerhave-a  perfect-defense  against-it  in-the-hands  of-your- 
debtor,  he-has  that  perfect-defense  against-it  in-your-hands.  There 
must-be  a-parting  with-value  for  commercial  paper,  in-order-that- 
there  may-be  a-holding  discharged-of  defenses  which  otherwise 
would-exist  to-the  paper.  So,  I-charge-you,  as-matter-of-law,  that- 
the-plaintiffs  were-not  holders  for-value. 

This,  you-see,  brings-us  to-the  sin gle-question-of -fact  whether 
Palmer  acted  in-good-faith  with-his  customers  the-defendants,  or  in- 
bad-faith  and-fraudulently,  when-he  received-this  paper.  If-he-did- 
act  in-bad-faith  and-fraudulently,  that-fraud  rendered-his  holding  of- 
it  invalid,  and-no-man  could  thereafter  hold-it  in-good-faith  unless-he 
paid  value,  which  neither-the  City  Bank  nor-the-plaintiffs  did.  , 

Come-then  to-the-question  whether  Palmer  took-this  paper  in- 
good-faith  or-f raudulently.  When  a-person  proclaims-himself  to-the- 
world  as-a  banker,  ready  to  receive-the-deposits  of-his-customers,  he 
thereby  holds-himself  out  as-a-man  of-sufQcient  means  to  meet-the 
obligations  he  thus  assumes.  Whether-his-responsibilty  is-large  or 
small,  is  of-no-consequence  :  he-represents-himself  to  be  a-man  of- 


CHARGE  TO  A  JURY.  113 


means  large-enough  to  meet  these -obligations  [105].  You  do-not 
expect  a-banker  to  state-to-you,  whenever  you- make-a  deposit,  "I-am 
still  solvent."  Such-a  representation  was-never  heard  of,  and-is-not 
expected,  because,  in-doing-a  banking  business  and-taking-the 
deposits  of-his- customers,  a-banker  thereby  represents  that-he-has 
sufficient  means  to  meet-a-demand  for-the-payment  of -such  deposits 
whenever  that-demand  may-be-made.  That-is  what  he-is-bound  to 
do,  and-that-is  what  he-is-bound  to  be.  It-is-not-necessary  that,  at- 
the-time-he  received-these  deposits,  Palmer  should-have  expected  to 
fail  to  pay  or  to  refuse  to  pay  that  particular  paper :  if -he  received- 
that  paper  as-a  deposit,  knowing-himself  to  be  in-such-circumstances 
that  if-he-were  called  upon  to  meet-his  liabilities  he-could-not 
respond — moreover,  knowing-himself  to  be  in- a  position  in- which  he- 
was-likely  to  be-rendered  incapable-of  meeting  that-demand  when-it- 
should-be-made  in-the-due  course-of -business — he-was-bound  to  dis- 
close-that-fact  before-he  received-the  deposit.  This- relation  between 
a-banker  and-his  customer,  is-a  highly  confidential  relation.  You- go 
to-him  not  to  buy-his-goods  and-to  pay-your-money,  but-you-go  to 
give-him  your-money  to  keep  for-you.  Shall-it-be  permitted  that-a- 
man  may  hold  this  confidential  relation  with  customers  and  take- 
their  money  when-he-is  likely,  before  a-demand  can-be-made  for-a 
return  of-it,  to-suspend  payment  ?  Certainly-not.  The-law  does- 
not  tolerate  such-an-abuse  of-the-relation  which-exists  between-a 
depositary  and-his-depositor.  Mere  insolvency  does-not  render- the 
receipt-of  money  by  a-banker  fraudulent,  but  insolvency  which-is 
hopeless  and-irremediable,  such  insolvency  us-is-likely  to  compel-the 
closing  of-the-doors  of-the-bank  at-any  moment,  renders-it  improper 
for-the-banker  to  continue-the  business.  Therefore  it-is  that-the-law 
requires-of-him  that-he  shall-not  continue  to  receive-deposits,  or- 
that,  if-he  does-receive-them,  it  shall-be  with  notice  to-the-customer 
of-the-facts  as-they  exist.  Upon-no-other  basis  could-the  business 
of-the  country  be  conducted.  We-are-obliged  to-have-banks  for-the 
ordinary  exchanges  of-trade,  but-they  must-uot-be-made  instruments 
of -fraud. 

"What- was- the  situation  of -Palmer  ?  Was-he  insolvent  ?  Yes,  so- 
he  says.  Was-he  hopelessly  insolvent  ?  Yes,  so-far-as  present  means 
were-concerned.  He-was-indebted  to-the  City  Bank  alone  in- some- 
thing like  50  thousand-dollars,  upon  notes  which-he-had-given  to  a- 
friend  for-his  personal  accommodation,  which-he  says-he  knew  had- 
been  used,  though-he-did-not-know  they-had-been  used  at-thatbank. 
But-he-did-know  [106]  that-they-were  outstanding  obligations 
against-him.  To-his-customers,  he  owed  over  50  thousand-dollars 
for  deposits  received  by-him.  The-amount  of-his  assets  was  very 
inconsiderable,  compared  with-this  large  liability.  That-he-was 
hopelessly  insolvent,  you-will-probably  be  compelled  to  find.  Now, 
what-was-his  ground  of  expectation  ?  He-says-he-had-an  arrange- 
ment with-the  City  Bank  to  furnish-him  money  as-he  wanted-it. 


114  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

That  arrangement  must-have-had  two-sides,  we-should-suppose,  and 
so  we-find-the-fact  to  be,  for- he- was  to  furnish- the  City  Bank  with 
paper  equal  in  amount  to-the-currency  furnished  to-him.  But-it- 
was-not  so-much  upon- that  that-he  relied  as  upon-the  expectation 
that-his- friend,  who-was-the  president  of-the-City  Bank,  should 
"carry-him."  I-charge-you,  as-matter-of  law,  that-a-man  cannot 
honestly  carry  on  the-business  of-banking  upon  a- mere- promise  of- 
another  to  carry-him,  without- some  security  for-the- performance  of- 
the-promise.  It-cannot-be  tolerated  that-a-man  shall  continue  such- 
a-business  upon-the  mere  assurance  of-another,  without-security, 
that-he  will  carry-him.  Whenever  that  other  ceases  to  carry-him, 
there-is-an-end  of-it,  and-the  depositors  go  without-their- money.  A- 
man  cannot  do-a  banking-business  honestly  without- means  or  reason- 
able expectation  of- means  todo-the-business  with.  That- is  so-simple 
a-proposition  that-it-seems  unnecessary  to  state-it.  What-is  common- 
sense  in-a-case  of-this-kind,  is-the-law  of-the-case,  and-the  law  must 
commend-itself  to-the-good-judgmeut  of-the-jury. 

As  I-have-stated,  the-only-question-of-fact  upon-which-you-are- 
to-find,  is- whether  this-deposit  was-received  by  Palmer  in- good -faith, 
or- whether,  under-the-circumstances-of-the-case,  it- was  dishonest  on- 
his-part  to  receive-it.  I-repeat,  that-it-is-not-necessary  that-there 
should-have-been  an-intention  in- this  particular-case  to  defraud  the- 
men  who-made-the  deposit ;  if-a-man  is-doing-a  banking-business 
fraudulently  all-the-time,  it-is-not-necessary  that-he  shall  entertain 
a-particular  fraudulent  design  in-each  individual  case  in-which-he 
receives-deposits.  If-this  transaction  was-thus  fraudulent  on-the 
part-of  Palmer,  the-defense  is-established,  because-he  thereby  obtain- 
ed no-title  to-the-draft  in-question,  and-the  City  Bank  obtained  no- 
title  unless  he-did.  If-you-find  that-this  was-an-honest  transaction, 
the-plaintiffs  are-entitled-to-your  verdict  f  or-the-amount  of -the-draft, 
which-is  $1,059.29.  If-it-was-not  an-honest  transaction,  your- verdict 
must-be  for-the-defendants. 

Mr.  Gillette  asked- the-court  to  char ge-the- jury  that-it-was  neces- 
sary for-the-defendants  to  estabiish-the-fact  that  Palmer  mis- 
represented the- facts  with-the  intention  of-deceiving  them,  and- 
that-he  obtained  the-draft  by-means  of-such-misrepresenta- 
tions. 

Refused  ;  exception. 

Also,  that-the  answer  could-not-be-sustained  unless-the  defend- 
ants were  in-fact  deceived. 

Refused ;  exception. 

Mr.  Gillette  excepted  to-the  charge  that-the  City  Bank  was-not 
a-holder  for- value. 

Also,  to-the  charge  that- the- plaintiffs  were-not  holders  for- value. 

Verdict  for-the-defendants. 


EXERCISES  ON  CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.          115 

CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.* 

I .  Dear  Sir : — "We  shall  not  be  able-to  complete  the  purchase  of 
the  Hoadley  property  at  present.  The  messenger  we  sent  was  notified 
by  some-one  in  the  neighborhood  that  the  estate  was  heavily  mortgag- 
ed, and  uponfrirthtr  inquiry  it  was  learned  that  the  chattel-mortgage 
was  overdue  ;  and  inasmuch  as  the  fact  was  afterwards  disclosed  that 
the  obligation  secured  by  the  real-estate  bond-and-mortgage  would 
mature  in  November,  the  negotiation  in-relation-to  the  transfer  was 
discontinued,  under  the  advice  of  the  lawyer  who  acted  as  counsel 
for  the  administrator,  and  with  his  approval. 

If  circumstances  shall  at  any  time  warrant  a  renewal  of  the 
negotiation,  we  will  notify  you  at -once. 

a.  My  Dear  Sir: — Your  letter  of  inquiry  as  to  the  political 
standing  of  Mr.  Perkins  can  be  answered  in  a  few  words.  He  is  very 
changeable.  He  was  formerly  a  distinguished  representative  of 
Democracy  ;  next,  a  dignified  Republican  legislator  ;  then,  an  Inde- 
pendent, characterized  by  the  most  positive  opinions  ;  and  he  now 
undertakes  to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  his  original  convictions  as  a 
Democrat,  in  acknowledgement  of  a  conditional  promise  of  a  nomi- 
nation by  the  party  to  a  position  of  importance  for  which  I  under- 
stand he  has  long  negotiated,  in  the  expectation  that  everything 
connected  with  his  former  inconsideration  will  be  forgotten  or 
forgiven  by  intelligent  voters. 

If  the  committee  desire  more  particular  information,  it  will  be 
promptly  furnished. 

3.  Gentlemen  : — I  have  referred  your  communication  of  the 
20th  instant  to  Mr.  Bacon.  His  reply  was  dictated  by  him  to  his 
stenographer,  and  he  wishes  me  to  repeat  it  to  you.  It  is  in  these 
words : 

"The  perpendicular  portion  naturally  became  particularly 
important,  in  an  architectural  and  mechanical  sense,  for  the  proper 
and  efficient  support  and  maintenance  of  the  easterly  extension  of  the 
principal  building  of  the  university,  notwithstanding  its  intersection 
with  the  northeastern  structure;  nevertheless,  the  inexperience  and 
lack  of  comprehension  of  the  superintendent,  who  had  undertaken 

*In  these  exercises,  all  the  principles  of  phrasing1  are  to  be  used.  The 
outlines  for  the  words  printed  in  Italic  are  to  be  supplied  by  the  student. 
The  proper  outlines  for  all  the  other  words  are  contained  in  the  tables  of 
word-signs  and  contractions,  the  Reference  List,  and  the  phrasing  exer- 
cises heretofore  given.  Words  connected  by  hyphens  are  to  be  written 
with  a  single  outline. 


116  WKITING  EXERCISES. 

independently  to  certify  to  its  sufficiency,  so  characteristic  of  his 
want  of  intelligence,  should  have  led  the  trustees  to  anticipate  the 
imperfect  workmanship,  and  the  consequent  occurrence  of  an  acci- 
dent of  that  description,  involving  the  authorities  of  the  institution 
in  the  expense  and  danger  of  an  action  for  negligence." 

If  I  can  be  of  further  assistance  to  you  in  the  matter,  please 
inform  me. 

4.  Dear  Carrie: — In  my  last  letter  I  spoke  of  our  drive  on 
Grand  Avenue.  We  found  a  good-deal  of  wealth  represented  in  the 
architecture  of  that  portion  of  the  city,  equaling  anything  we  have 
any  remembrance  of  having  before  discovered  in  OUT  journey.  This 
was  noticeable  in  our  first  superficial  observation  of  the  buildings, 
but  the  constant  succession  of  elegant  structures  was  very  remarkable. 
It  is  difficult  to  describe  the  effect  upon  us  of  this  wonderful  exhibi- 
tion. In  fact,  no  description  could  possibly  represent  it.  It  is 
beyond  my  ability  to  relate,  or  yours  to  imagine,  the  many  objects 
of  interest  which  we  were  given  an  opportunity  to  examine,  and 
which  we  observed  on-either-hand  as  we  continued  our  course  among 
these  countless  attractions.  It  was  afterwards  our  privilege  to  visit 
and  examine  the  internal  arrangements  of  some  of  the  dwellings,  and 
we  found  them  quite  equal  to  what  we  had  been  led  to  expect  from 
their  external  appearance.  Although  entire  strangers,  we  were 
received  with  hearty  welcome,  and  every  effort  was  made  to  render 
our  visit  a  pleasure  to  us,  and  it  was  certainly  very  pleasant.  We 
could  scarcely  suppress  a  constant  expression  of  surprise  at  the  uni- 
form elegance  and  taste  exhibited  in  the  manner  in  which  the  houses 
were  arranged,  and  in  the  character  and  beauty  of  their  furniture. 

The  buildings  erected  by  the  various  religious  denominations 
were  especially  worthy  of  attention.  They  showed  at-once  a 
liealthy  financial  condition,  and  the  capability  of  their  architects  and 
mechanics,  and  to  our  delighted  view  they  appeared  the  height  of 
perfection.  There  was  nothing  about  them  that  we  could-not  fully 
approve. 

As  we  reached  the  Catholic  cathedral,  we  saw  a  large  crowd  about 
the  entrance.  We  inquired  the  occasion,  and  were  informed  that 
the  day  was  an  anniversary  observed  by  Roman  Catholics  through- 
out the  world.  As  the  services  had  commenced,  we  did  not  go  in, 
but  we  shall  try  to  visit  it  tomorrow.  The  building  itself  is  magni- 
ficent, and  in  its  interior  it  is  said  to  surpass  any  similar  edifice  in 
Europe.  I  shall  give  you  a  description  of  it  in  my  next.  For 
today,  this  short  letter,  and  the  photograpJw  accompanying  it,  must 
suffice. 


CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS.  117 

5.  Dear  Sir : — We  have  .;'««£  come  from  a  meeting  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  operatives,  and  we  now  give  you  a  brief  statement 
of  the  result.     The  conversation  was  somewhat  disconnected,  at 
first,  and  for  a  good- while  few  who  spoke  acknowledged  in  any -way 
the  natural  signification  or  the  probable  consequences  of  such  a  con- 
troversy, or  the  disadvantage  and  practical  disorganization  which 
we  claimed  must  immediately  result  from  this  opposition.     They 
were  averse  to  any  movement  to  establish  the  projected  reform, 
declaring  that  unless  it  was  mutually  agreed  upon,  and  voluntary, 
it  would  excite  a  revolution.     This  assumption  we  denied.     We  had 
special  satisfaction  in  the  speech  of  one  of  the  men,  who  appeared  to 
be  perfectly  familiar  with  the  situation.     A  significant  remark  of 
his  was,  that  the  continual  trouble  we  have  had  was  occasioned 
largely  by  passion,  which  affected  their  minds  and  prevented  any- 
other  than  a  superficial  view  of  the  case.     He  acquiesced  in  the 
claim  that  they  gained  strength  by  combining,  but  he  was  apprehen- 
hensive  that  instead  of  preserving  their  rights  by  the  formation  of 
such  a  combination,   they   would  soon  become   disorganized,  or, 
at-all-evente,  would  al  together  fail  to  avert  the  danger  which  would 
otherwise  confront  them.     He  said  nobody  was  more  chargeable 
with  originating  the  trouble  than  themselves,  that  they  were  capable 
of  securing  the  preservation  of  their  rights  if  they  would  take  a  more 
comprehensive  view  of  the  facts,  and  that  they  might  thus  gain  a 
profit  greater -than  ever,  before,  and  more  continuous. 

During  this  speech,  he  was  frequently  interrupted.  Some-of- 
the-time,  he  was  contradicted;  sometimes  they  tried  to  argue  with 
him  ;  but  for  most-of-the-time  his  representations  were  listened  to  in 
silence.  No-other  than  an  influential  man  belonging  to  themselves 
could  have  spoken  so  well.  Before  he  began,  nearly  everybody 
considered  it  an  extravagant  measure,  and  it  was  difficult  to  satisfy 
any -one  that  the  expenditure  was  indispensibly  'necessary.  It  is  now 
understood  that  the  combined  efforts  of  those  interested  will  perhaps 
result  in  a  comparision  of  views  and  a  consideration  of  the  argu- 
ments advanced,  and  induce  the  greater  number  of  them  to  accept 
the  suggestion  and  assist  in  influencing  a  compliance  with  so  advan- 
tageous an  offer.  Meantime,  several  gentlemen  are  engaged  in 
endeavoring  to  secure  a  reformation  of  the  contract  between  the 
manufacturers  and  individual  workmen,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the 
work  may  soon  be  satisfactorily  reorganized.  With  organization, 
capital  and  experience,  we  are  sure  of  •ultimate  success. 

6.  The  learned  judge  charged  the  jury  that  the  plaintiff  was 
required  to  furnish  a  preponderance  of  proof,  in-order-to  maintain 


118  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

his  contention — that  he  must  prove,  by  testimony  applicable  to  the 
case  and  satisfactory  to  themselves,  every  allegation  constituting 
the  cause-of-action  set-forth  in  his  complaint.  He  remarked  that 
they  should  not  be  influenced  by  sympathy,  but  should  examine 
circumstantially  each  item  testified  to,  the  appearance  and  manner  of 
each  witness,  and  all  the  probabilities  of  the  case,  for  the  purpose  of 
reaching  a  correct  decision  in-accordance-with  the  facts ;  and  that, 
on-the-other-hand,  they  must  arrive  at  a  determination  without- 
regard-to  any -other  influence,  or  any  prejudice,  remembering  that  all 
men  are  equal  before  the  law.  He  referred  especially  to  the  hand- 
writing of  the  signatures  to  a  number  of  the  memoranda  and  other 
instruments  in-writing,  and  gave  them  careful  instruction  with- 
respect-to  the  situation  of  the  parties.  He  explained  at-length  the 
question  at  issue,  and  described  what  would  constitute  an  actionable 
offense  against  the  plaintiff's  rights.  He  instructed  them  that  a 
mistake  of  judgment  or  a  failure  to  comprehend  his  obligation 
would  disqualify  a  juror  for  discharging  his  whole  duty,  which  was 
to  deliver  a  verdict  in-accordance-with  the  truth. 

7.  The  president  of  the  Commercial  Bank  is  a  very  influential 
gentleman,  and  he  is  universally  respected.     By  the  last  will  and 
testament  of  his  deceased  brother,  he  was  nominated  as  executor. 
The  widow  had  expected  to  be  designated  as  executrix,  and  she  was 
indignant  that  her  claims  had  not  been  recognized.     Her  brother-in- 
law  disclaimed  any  desire  for  the  position,  and  after  the  preliminary 
proofs  had  been  taken  he  proposed  to  resign,  and  suggested  that  she 
be  made  administratrix.     She  was  unable  to  furnish  the  necessary 
security,  however,  and  by  common  consent  of  those  interested  he 
continued  to  act.     It  had  been  commonly  believed  that  the  deceased 
was  very  wealthy,  but  upon  a  particular  examination  of  his  accounts 
and  the  completion  of  the  inventory,  it  was  discovered  that  for  a 
year-or  two  before  his  death  he  was  on  the  verge  of  bankruptcy,  his 
business  affairs  being  so  involved  that  he  was  really  of  no  pecuniary 
responsibility  whatever.     The  family  being  thus  reduced  to  poverty, 
the  brother  undertook  to  supply  means  sufficient  to  make  them  com- 
fortable, and  they  will,  during  the  next-month,  remove  to  a  pretty 
cottage  which  he  has  had  built  for  them. 

8.  A  peculiar  subject  of  public  interest  is  furnished  in  the 
published  accounts  with-regard-to  the  new  rules  issued  by  the 
general  government  in-respect-to  transactions  between  citizens  of 
different  states,  and  particularly  to  financial  arrangements  between 
domestic  corporations  and  mercantile  houses  which  have  heretofore 
been  able  to  obtain  a  discrimination  in  prices  for  the  transmission  of 
freight  over  our  great  railways.     Whether  an  exception  will  be 


CONTRACTIONS  AND  WORD-FORMS. 


119 


made  in-respect-of  express  companies,  is  a  question  upon  which  no 
certain  information  has  as  yet  been  given.  Within  a  day-or-two, 
nominations  of  members  of  the  commission  will  be  sent  to  the  senate. 

9.  It  is  impossible  to  declare  any  reasonable  suggestion  why 
these  companies  should  be  excepted  from  a  regulation  of  such 
import.  Anything  so  extraordinary  and  questionable  has  heretofore 
been  unknown,  as  this  supposed  improvement  in  the  administration 
of  this  part  of  the  service.  It  is  suggestive  of  direct  and  improper 
influence  upon  the  person  commissioned  to  take  charge  of  postal 
affairs,  entirely  different  and  dissimilar  to  those  ^  which  common 
people  possess  or  are  able-to  exercise  to  compel  administrative  officers 
to  discriminate  between  them  and  others  in  the  practical  operation 
of  a  law,  when  we  consider  that  it  will  confer  upon  these  combina- 
tions a  privilege  so  dangerous  to  the  revenue.  Why  should  any- 
body, engaged  in  any  occupation,  be  thus  punished,  in  the  perform- 
ance of  his  usual  avocation,  and  the  disposition  of  his  manufactures 
or  merchandise  or  exchanges  be  questioned  or  challenged,  or  his 
compliance  with  his  regular  agreements  be  prevented,  and  additional 
disqualifications  be  determined  upon  by  inconsiderate  officials,  to 
disorganize  trade  and  to  put  difficulties  in  the  way  of  commercial 
transactions  ?  If  it  is  decreed  that  manufactories  and  banks  and 
business  establishments  are  to  be  substantially  forced  to  assignments 
by  the  application  of  this  rule,  we  apprehend  that  loss  of  personal 
security  may  follow  the  loss  of  property. 

10.  What  is  the  significance  of  this  unconsidered  resolution  ? 
What  is  to  be  its  longer  continuation,  or  the  possibility  of  the 
frequency  and  duration  of  its  distinct  and  unconditional  enforce- 
ment ?  What  justification  dignifies  the  declaration  of  such  a  discrimi- 
nation ?  What  doctrine  determines  its  indispensible  necessity,  or 
requires  this  commission  of  injustice  ?  How  inconsistent  are  the 
extravagant  technical  arguments  in  explanation  of  the  determination 
to  compel  acquiescence  in  this  transition  toward  financial  destruc- 
tion !  The  circumstances  connected  with  this  destructive  demon- 
stration by  the  dignified  and  consequential  gentleman  who  assumes 
to  be  the  corrector  and  governor  of  the  postal  affairs  of  the  republic, 
and  who  is  really  responsible  for  the  bewildering  sense  of  insecurity 
and  apprehension  so  universally  felt,  are  arousing  such  indignation 
and  anger  as  should  at-least  lead  him  to  heed  the  expression  of  the 
dissatisfaction,  so  universally  entertained.  The  complication  is 
exceedingly  seriom,  and  we  trust  that  it  will  at-once  attract  the 
attention  of  the  authorities,  and  that  they  will  teach  a  lesson  to  this 
transient  proficient  in  legislation  that  will  be  instructive  to  such  as 
he  for  all  time  to  come. 


OPTIONAL  EXPEDIENTS. 


The  expedients  given  below  are  intended  for  the  use  of  expert 
writers  only.  Students  should  not  attempt  to  use  them,  until  they 
have  had  considerable  experience  in  actual  work.  Some  of  the 
special  phrasing  contractions  are  included  irrthe  table  of  Illustrative 
Phrases,  and  will  be  suggestive  to  the  intelligent  stenographer. 

ATTENTION.— The  small  circle  and  back-hook  may  be  used  for  Atten- 
tion, when  that  word  ends  aphrase ;  as  in  the  phrases,  Was  your  attention, 
Zysn2 ;  Called  my  attention,  Kld'Msn. 

AVENUE. — The  F-hook  (or  the  V-stem,  when  more  convenient)  may 
indicate  this  word,  when  attached  to  the  name  of  an  avenue ;  as  Monroe 
avenue,  Mn.Rv ;  Bowman  avenue.  BMnV. 

BUT  may  be  indicated  at  the  beginning  of  a  clause  or  a  sentence,  by 
the  T-tick  resting  on  the  line. 

CONVERSATION.— The  R-hook  may  sometimes  be  omitted  from  this 
word,  for  the  sake  of  easier  junction  in  a  phrase ;  as,  Did  you  hare  any 
conversation,  Dyv'NVssn. 

EN,  IN,  UN.— A  downward  curved  tick,  in  the  direction  of  L  or  R,  may 
be  used  to  prefix  either  of  these  syllables  to  a  stem  bearing  an  initial  hook, 
whenever  the  N-stern  cannot  be  used  as  conveniently  for  that  purpose ;  as, 
Enthrall,  nThr'L;  Entrance,  nTrns3;  Inflation,  nFlsn;  Insufferable,  nsFrBl; 
Unsocial.  nsShl ;  Untwist,  nTwst1.  (See.lines  1,  %.) 

FORTH— The  use  of  the  F-hook  may  be  extended,  by  using  it  to  add 
Forth ;  as,  Call  forth,  Klf1 ;  Put  forth,  Pf8. 

HAD.— The  word  Had  may  be  added  to  any  stem  word-sign  represent- 
ing a  pronoun  or  an  adverb  or  the  verb  Have  or  Had,  by  halving  such 
word-sign—provided,  the  context  is  such  as  to  clearly  show  that  Had,  and 
no  other  word,  is  to  be  thus  implied  ;  as.  We  had  been,  Wd'Bn  ;  It  had  gone, 
TtGn ;  When  had  you  written,  HdjyBtN ;  I  never  had  been,  rN  VdBn ;  /  have 
had  the  money,  rVdc7i3MN ;  I  had  had  it,  rDdr3.  (See  lines  3,  It.) 

HUSBAND  may  be  written  sBnd,  at  the  end  of  a  phrase ;  as,  For  her 
husband,  FrsBnd. 

I.— In  law  reporting,  I  may  be  omitted  from  the  phrases  I  did  not,  I  do 
not,  I  had  not,  where  such  phrase  comprises  the  whole  sentence. 

I  may  be  omitted  where  it  occurs  a  second  time,  in  such  expressions  as 
I  don't  know  as  I  did;  I  don't  It  now  as  I  can ;  I  don't  know  as  I  ever  did. 

I  may  be  written  with  the  K-tick,  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a 
phrase,  when  the  T-tick  cannot  be  used ;  as,  May  I  not,  MTt Nt. 

RECOLLECT  may  sometimes  be  indicated  by  Ray  struck  downward, 
after  an  N-hook ;  as  in  I  don't  recollect. 

REMEMBER  may  be  indicated  by  B,  in  a  phrase  where  Br  cannot  be 
joined ;  as,  J  don't  remember,  rDnB. 

REPETITION.— The  repetition  of  any  phrase  may  be  noted  by  j(2, 
written  at  points  where  the  repetition  occurs;  as  in  thfe  sentence  / 

"Firm  will  carefully  consider  the  testimony  of  each  witness the  opportunity 

he  had  for  observation Ms  bearing  upon  the  stand,"  etc. 

SESSION.— In  convention  reporting,  the  large  circle  and  back-hook 
may  add  the  word  Session;  as,  At  that  session,  T2Dhssn. 

120 


OPTIONAL  EXPEDIENTS.  121 

SEMI-CIRCLES  may  be  used  in  such  phrases  as  Those  were  the, 
Dhs3irc/i;  ir/tat  is  your  recollection,  Ts'yjRsn;  Because  ive  were,  Kslww. 

ST. — In  a  few  words  of  lengthy  outline,  St  may  be  indicated  by  the 
small  loop,  used  as  a  separate  stem  and  struck  in  the  direction  of  Chay ;  as, 
Instinct,  N'STNgt;  Footstep,  Ft3STP.  Loops  thus  used,  are  stenotypically 
indicated  by  small  capitals.  (See  line  5.) 

STATED.— A  small  loop  may  be  written  within  the  lengthened  F-hook, 
for  Stated ;  as,  They  have  stated,  Dhvst2 ;  You  hare  stated,  Yvst3. 

STORE.— The  large  loop  may  be  used  to  add  the  word  Store  to  a  pre- 
ceding word  ;  as,  Shoe  store,  Shstr3 ;  Book  store,  Bkstr.  When  the  preceding 
word  ends  with  a  half-length,  the  loop  may  be  attached  as  if  it  were  a  stem 
struck  in  the  direction  of  Chay  or  Ray ;  as,  Dry  goods  store,  DrGdSTR ; 
Hat  store,  Ht3STR.  (See  line  5.) 

STREET.— The  small  loop  may  be  used  for  Street,  where  it  can  be  added 
to  the  name  of  a  street ;  as,  Lalte  street,  _LKst. 

TO  may  be  indicated,  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  or  line,  by  writing 
the  succeeding  word  entirely  below  the  line. 

TO  HAVE.— The  use  of  the  F-hook  may  be  extended,  to  add  To  have ; 
as,  Said  fo  have,  sDf ;  Expect  to  have,  sPf 3. 

THINK  may  be  written  with  Th,  in  phrases  where  Ng  will  not  make  a 
distinct  angle  ;  as,  Do  you  think,  DyTh. 

TIME  OF  DAY.— Attention  is  called  to  the  manner  of  indicating  the 
hour,  in  connection  with  the  name  of  the  day  of  the  week,  in  the  Illustra- 
tive Phrases. 

YES :  YES,  SIR.— S2  and  Ss2R  may  be  used  for  these  expressions,  if 
preferred  to  Ys2  and  Yss2.  In  such  a  sentence  as  Did  he  say,  Yesf  the 
word  should  be  written  Ys2. 


KEY.— 1.    Entrance',  Entrap.  Entreat,  Entwine, Enfranchise,  Enthrall.    Infirm,  Inflam- 
mation, Inflexible,  Inflate,  Infraction. 

2.  Influenza,  Infrequent,  Infringe,  Insufferable.     Untwist,  Unvarnished,  Unexplained, 
Unsettled,  Unsevered,  Uncivil,  Unsocial. 

3.  If  he  had  not  been.    She  had  returned.    We   had  pone   away.    We  had  written. 
You  had  not  done.    They  had  that.    What  had  been.   Which  had  happened.  When  had  you 
written !    I  never  had  the  money. 

4.  I  have  had  it.    I  had  had  my  attention.    He  had  no  intention.    You  had  met  him. 
How  had  you  been  !   Where  had  you  seen  him  ?   They  had  many  times. 

5.  Instinct,  Unsteady.  Instep,  Footstep.    Book  store.    Drug  store.     Dry  goods  store. 
Music  store.    Shoe  Store.    Hat  store. 


ALPHABETICAL  TABLE  OF  WORD-SIGNS. 

*TJ&ed  in  Phrasing  only.       ^Written  upward. 

v  A 

^>   About 
/               Above  tied 

/        /  Adjoin-ed 
"'"Advantage 
i       __  After 
X;          Against 
./.../..Age 

V^     "     Ever 
—  Eye 

^-"    ^-  Long 

^  ^  Thing 

Low 

^  JIay 

"Think 
(       (    Though 

-17""       For 
V^     ^v.    Forget-got 

Me 
(         j  Month 

Thought 
(     -""Thy 

Form 
^      ^N  Formed 
From 
~~~  Gave 

—  /"Much 
,     s~^  Much  more 
-A'  My 

^   Nature 

.)  ......v.To^ 

^"fogether 

Agent 

Give-n 
_   Go 

—  O'  "Need 

^>  New 

"—  —  —•Ah 
All 

i        ,      Had 

~<^c  Not 

^s  ^_^  Nothing 

(       /  Oath 

..      \  Under 

uP 

)     J   Us 
—  Usual-ly 

)       /  Was 

Already 

v    Hand 

'    -  Am 
^^,     .    Among 

\       o    Has 

\       \  Occupied 

An,  And 
'  s*  Any 

Has* 
v      Has  there 
-^--Ac-Have 
'      ~>  He 

--  Occupy 
V.      ,    Of 
-  '-Oh 

'      ~\  Watched 

\      o  .As 

"^    —  We 

—r        AS* 

1    As  there 

~y  At 

V      .'..Away 
"  i           Awe 
\     \  Be 

'"Hear 
V       ^   Heavy 

~"  Or 

-.    Ought 

"Her 
^1      v    Here 

I        ,    Out 
--  f-  —  '—Owe 

)            Owes 

J  What 

-High 

^-    °    Him 

Wheel 
^^    ^  When 

".         -Before 
'     Between 

.His 
0      \  His  is 

-V"  -""Pay  V 
\      .     Property 
\-Put           , 
/        .  Recollecf-ee 
--'-—  x^-Recover 

..)  )..|aw  ^-y 

•>        /  Whether 

Beyond 
N        i    Body* 
_"       "1"'But  or  ..I... 
N     \  Buy 

Hope 
-^      \    Hour 
-"j  —  /"House 
How  oT-ry 
-y*<—  ^-Hundred 

r       ,  While 

"Who 
/•            Whole 

v        ">  Whose 
~f  -Why 
V^     (-  Wife 

—  By 
Came 

—  Can 

/      /    Change-d 
""/•"Charge-d 
..          Come     Ptee 

If 

i             111 

x             Say 
/      J    See 

"    n. 

0        O       s 

-'"Shall 
J       ,    She 
^"Should 
J   Should*! 

J      (    Wish 

Commit-ted 
~f  Common 

s  his 

0       )     s  there 

">       (    Without 

Commonly 
Company 

-"-  s  it 

""Show 
)        }    So 

(     _    Worthy 

|       |    Day 

""Defendant 
1     Did     Eence 
""  Differ-ed-tn 
i      1    Do 
—-""""Dollar 
/      J    Each 
""  Ease-y 

.            Judge 
"/"  ^"Judged 
^^^  Knew 

.  Language 
"4i^"-/  'Large 
V^  Length 
"'"Live 

—/-Sue 
1    Take 
—  Talk 
/        /    Thank 
"i-—  t"That 

Their,There 
(      ^-They 
They  are 

»o 

r  r^™ 

Yes 
/^           Yes,  sir 
-0—  -n"You-r* 
/.     (~  You-r,You 
"T  Young  [are 
f     ,     Youngest 
--«'-—(—  Youth 

INDEX. 


(Italic  figures  refer  to  the  Writing  Exercises.) 


Affixes,  41,  43,  Si. 

Alphabet,  The,  3. 

Aspirate,  The,  12, 14. 

Back-hook,  for  A",  16,  18,  78,  80. 

for  A~0,  18,  38,  'M. 

Choice  of  Outlines,  36,  69,  70.  90. 

Circle  and  Hook  combinations,  24, 83. 

Circles  between  stems,  14, 16,  78. 

between  ticks  and  stems,  78. 

final,  14-38. 

for  S  and  Z,  14,  78. 

for  Ses  and  Sez,  18,  24,  34,  79. 

order  of  reading,  with  vowels,  14. 

shaded  for  Z,  30. 

when  not  used,  16,  78. 

Coalescents,  38. 

Combinations  of  Hooks  with  Circles 
and  Loops,  24,  83. 

Concurrent  Vowels,  how  indicated, 
*.  :-'. 

Consonants,  3. 

— —combinations  of,  20. 

omissions  of,  38,  90. 

CONTRACTIONS. —  Circle  and  Hook 
combinations,  54 ;  Circles,  50 ;  Final 
Circles  and  Loops,  51 ;  F-hook,  28, 
54 ;  Halving,  37,  39 ;  Initial  Circles, 
50 ;  Large  Hooks,  55 ;  L-hook,  23, 
53  :  M-hook.  33,  55 ;  N-hook,  26,  54 ; 
R-hook,  21,  52;  Simple  Contrac- 
tions, 49 ;  W-hook,  31,  55  ;  Tion- 
hook,  35,  55. 

and  Word-f  orms,alphabetical,57. 

—  and  Word-forms,  classified,  49. 

and  AVord-signs,  defined,  12. 

Contrasts,  key  to  Table  of,  72. 

• Table  of,  71. 

Definitions  of  terms,  3.  6, 12,  56. 

Derivatives,  outlines  and  positions 
of,  38.57-68. 

Diagram  of  Vowels,  71  72. 

Dkl,  indicated  by  halving,  36. 

Diphthongs,  8,  7U. 

when  joined  to  stems,  8. 

Double-lengths,  positions  of,  36. 

-Ed,  indicated  by  tick,  36,  41,  89. 

-Est,  -ist,  after  -t ion,  34,  88. 

Exceptions  to  rule  of  Position,  27, 
38,80. 

to  rules  for  L,  It,  and  Sh,  10, 16. 

Foreign  sounds,  how  indicated,  38. 

F-V-hbok,  28,  85. 

order  of  reading,  28,  85. 

when  not  used,  28. 

Group  Phrasing,  45,  91. 

Half-lengths,  positions  of,  34,  88. 

Halving  for  T  and  D,  34,  88. 

Him,  tick  for,  45. 


Hooks,  combined  with  circles  and 

loops,  24,  83. 

general  rules  for,  20. 

order  of  reading,  20. 

initial,  vocalization  of,  24,  83. 

How,  ticks  for,  S3. 
H,  tick  for,  12, 14. 
Illustrative  Phrases,  94. 
Important  words,  outlines  for,  57-68. 
Initial  hooks,  vocalization  of,  24,  S3.' 

ticks,  12, 14,  76,  77,  81,  82. 

Initials,  how  written,  63. 

-Ing,  indicated  by   back-hook,  18, 

38,90. 

by  N-hook,  28,  30,  32,  38, 41,  42, 90. 

Irregular  stems,  4. 

Lengthening  for  Tr,  Dr,  and   Thr, 

96,89. 
L-hook,  22,  81. 

when  not  used,  22,  83. 

Long  Vowels,  6,  73. 

Loops  for  St  and  Str,  18,  79. 

order  of  reading,  18. 

shaded  for  Z,  20. 

L,  R,  and  Sh,  rules  for,  4, 10, 16, 22,  75. 

exceptions  to  rules  for,  10,  16. 

L,  words  ending  with,  92. 
M-hook,  30,  87. 

when  not  used,  32,  87. 

X,  after  large  final  hooks,  28,  30,  32, 

86,  87. 

back-hook  for,  16, 18,  78,  80,  90. 

X-hook,  24,  8U. 

after  circles  and  loops,  16,  18, 

78,  80. 

after  M-hook,  38,  87. 

after  F-hook,  28. 

after  Tr-hook,  30,  86. 

before  K,  for  A0,  26. 

before  s-tion,  34, 88. 

order  of  reading,  24. 

when  not  used,  24,  8U. 

A'ff,  after  F-hook,  28, 86. 

after  large  final  hooks,  28,  30,  32, 

86,  87. 

after  M-hook,  32,  87. 

after  Tr-hook,  30,  86. 

indicated  by  back-hook,  18, 38, 90. 

indicated  by  X-hook.  26,  38,  90. 

y-ses,  JV-sez,  circle  for,  26,  8k. 
As,  A"2,  A"s)i,  A'SHS,  26,  8!t. 
A">- '  :<>n,  how  written,  34,  84. 
AW,  AWr,1oops  for,  26,  8U. 
Omissions  of  consonants,  38,  90. 

of  vowels,  6, 14. 

of  words,  in  phrasing,  44,  91. 

Optional  Expedients,  120. 
Outlines,  choice  of,  36,  69,  70,  90. 


123 


124 


INDEX. 


Outlines  for  important  words,  57-69. 

stenotypic  indication  of,  56. 

Past  tense,  indication  of,  36,  41,  89. 

Phonetic  Spelling,  1,  3. 

Phrases,  Illustrative,  94-97. 

special,  45,  47. 

PHRASING.— By  Circles,  16,  18,  70; 
by  F-hook,  28,  85 ;  by  halving,  34, 
89,  90 ;  by  lengthening,  36,  89 ;  by  L- 
hook,  22,  83°,  by  Loops,  20;  by  M- 
hook,  32,  87;  by  N-hook,  26,  85; 
by  K-hook,  22,  81 ;  by  Tr-hook,  30, 

.  86 ;  by  W-hook,  30,  86 ;  by  W-semi- 
circle,  30,  86 ;  by  Y-hook,  28,  86 ;  by 
Y-semi-circle,  28,  86. 

general  rules  for,  40,  44,  47,  91. 

Group,  45,  91. 

omissions  of  words  in,  44,  91. 

Simple,  12,  14,  45. 

Plurals,  16,  18,  78,  79. 

Position,  exceptions  to  rule  of,  27, 
38,  SO. 

rules  of,  6, 14, 16,  34,  36,  38,  73,  88. 

Positions  of  double- lengths,  36. 

of  half-lengths,  34,  88. 

Positive  and  negative  words,  70. 

Prefixes  and  Affixes,  40,  43,  91. 

Punctuation,  2. 

Kay,  when  halved  for  D,  34,  89. 

shaded  when  halved  for  D,  89. 

R,  words  ending  with,  93. 

READING  EXERCISES.  —  General 
Phrasing  Rules,  47 ;  Early  Report- 
ers, 98;  First  Steamboat  Passage 
Money,  99 ;  A  Charming  Customer 
In  a  Bank,  100 :  The  Use  of  Simple 
Words,  101;  A  Typewriter  Forgery, 
102;  Charge  to  a  Jury,  103. 

Regular  curved  stems,  4. 

straight  stems,  4. 

-Rer,  distinguished  from  -rier,  etc., 
22,80. 

R-hook,  20,  80. 

• when  not  used,  22,  80. 

-Rl,  distinguished  from  -rel,  -ril, 
etc.,  22,  83. 

S  and  Z,  circles  for,  14,  78. 

when  stems  to  be  used,  16,  78. 

Semi-circles  f  or  TFand  r,  10, 38, 39,  75, 
86. 

use  of.  in  phrasing,  28,  30,  86. 

Ses,  Sez,  circle  for,  18,  24,  34,  79. 

final  circle  after,  18,  79. 

Sh,  indicated  by  circle  or  loop,  16, 38. 

Short  Vowels,  8,  73. 

Similar  words  distinguished,  36,  69, 
70,  90. 

Simple  Phrasing,  12, 14,  45. 

Special  Phrases,  45, 47. 

Special  Rules  and  Suggestions,  36, 89. 

Stenotypy,  rules  of,  56. 

S-tion,  34,  88. 


S-tfon,  after  N-hook,  34, 88. 

St,  Str .loops for,  18,  79. 

T  and  D,  halving  for,  34,  88. 

Ter,  Der,  T?ie?-,lengthening  for,  36,89. 

Ter-hook,  30,  86. 

Terms,  definitions  of,  3,  6, 12,  56. 

Ther,  tick  for,  45. 

Tick  for  -ed,  36,  41,  89. 

for  H,  12, 14. 

for  Him,  45. 

for  How,  83. 

for  Wh,  12, 14. 

for  Ther,  45. 

Ticks,  12,  36,  76  77,  81,  82,  83,  8k,  85. 

after  final  hooks,  84,  85. 

initial,  12,  14,  77,  81,  82. 

medial,  14,  77. 

names  of,  14. 

use  of  circles  and  hooks  on,  45. 

-Tion,  after  N-hook,  32,  87. 

after  S,  34,  88. 

before  -ed  and  -ate,  32,  88. 

before  -esf,  and  -i.«f,  34,  88. 

before  L  and  R,  32,  87. 

- — indicated  by  stem,  etc.,  32. 

Tion-hook,  32,  87. 

To,  indication  of,  in  phrasing,  40. 

-Tive,  how  written,  34,  89. 

-Vre,  indication  of,  38. 

Vocalization  of  Initial  Hooks,  24. 83. 

Vowels,  6,  73. 

after  diphthongs,  8,  1U. 

between  consonants,  8,  71. 

C9ncurrent,  8,  75. 

diagram  of,  71,  72. 

Long,  6,  73. 

omissions  of,  6,  14. 

Short,  8,  73. 

W  and  F,  semi-circles  for,  10,  38,  39, 
75,  86. 

Were,  indicated  by  semi-circle,  30, 86. 

Wh,  tick  for,  12,  14,  120. 

What-,  indicated  by  halving,  36. 

W-hook,  30,  86. 

Will,  and  Well,  nouns,  how  written, 
75. 

Words  ending  with  L  and  R,  92,  93. 

Word-signs  and  Contractions  defin- 
ed, 12. 

Word-signs,  Table  of,  48, 122. 

Words,  omissions  of,  44,  91. 

WRITING  EXERCISES.— On  the  prin- 
ciples, 4,  73-91 ;  on  the  Word-signs 
and  Contractions,  76,  79-90 ;  Steno- 
graphers in  New  York,  107;  The 
Use  of  Simple  Words,  108 ;  A  Type- 
writer Forgery,  110;  Charge  to  a 
Jury,  111 ;  on  the  Contractions  and 
Word-forms,  107, 115-119.  " 

Y-hook,  28,  86. 

Y-semi-circle,  10,  38,  39,  75,  86. 

Z,  initial,  indicated  by  stem,  14, 16,  78. 


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